政府

In chapter 1, based on explanation of the theory origin for government regulation, literature review of home and abroad are be carded. It is a fact that essence of government regulation is the relationship between government and market.

第一章在对政府规制理论渊源进行说明的基础上，对国内外政府微观规制理论进行了梳理，指出政府规制的实质是政府和市场的关系。

Several on-duty militant officers in Dhaka told us that many within the Bangladesh arm are very upset about the appraoch government has taken to quell the uprise and over 140 of their colleagues who has been killed duing the unrest .they claimed that government should have ordered the arm to crackdown the Rifles border guards who have stirred up the uprise.and they are every angry about government's initial amnesty to the rebels,though it later corrected that the goverment would punish those who have cause casuality severely .

几名在Dhaka服役的军官已告诉我们，孟加拉国军队内部有很多人对政府处理此次兵变的方式感到不满，并对多达140名同僚被杀感到不安。他们抱怨说，政府本应该下令让军方对孟加拉国步枪边防军挑起的兵变采取武力镇压。政府最初对叛乱分子施与特赦，军官对此也感到十分愤怒，尽管此后政府表示要严惩那些制造杀戮的人。

That is already happened; the information and internet revolution has actually gone all the way through our societies in so many different ways, but it hasn't in every way, yet touched our government.So, how could this happen? Well, I think there are three chief ways that it should make and enormous difference, in transparency, in greater choice, and in accountability, in giving us that genuine people power. If we take transparency, here is one of my favorite websites, the Surrey Accountability Portal. In the old days, only the government could hold the information, and only a few elected people could try and grab that information and question it and challenge it. Now here, on one website, one state in America, every single dollar spent by that government is searchable, is analyzable, is checkable.

我认为有三种途径可以创造巨大的不同，透明度、更多选择及问责制度可以赋予我们真正的人民力量，先讲透明度，这是我喜爱的一个网站，Surrey 问责制度入口网站，往昔，仅有政府能握有资讯，仅有少数获选的人可以尝试取得那些资讯，质疑并进而挑战，现时，仅需一个网站，美国一个州的每一项政府支出都可以被找到、分析及检视，思考一下这重大改变所意味的是任何想参与政府合约竞标的商家，都可以看到目前的支出情形，任何能让服务更好，执行经费更低廉的商家，都能在此找到，我们的政府及政治才刚开始深入了解商界人士的作法，以资讯革命的方式。

In one hand, the corruptive characteristic of public power and the limitation of human nature made it possible that the local administration that pursue in their own interest abuse the power.

公共权力的特点、人性的缺陷和政府利益的客观存在，使得政府机关和政府人员有可能滥用权力，这使得对政府的监督成为一种必需品。

And the nature of local government characters the legal rules to deal with local government's debts. There are differents in principle and system design. Three principals, no disincorporate administrative organization, no liquidation government finance, separation between financial bankruptcy and government administrative function, should be followed.

地方政府的特殊性决定了地方政府债务处理的法律规则应与一般破产制度在操作原则和具体制度设计上存在不同，在地方财政破产中应贯彻行政主体不消灭、政府财政不清算、财政破产与政府行政职能分离等原则。

Have mainly: Purchase way is comparatively unitary; The scale that the government purchases is small , range is narrow; There exist bigger arbitrariness in establishment and implementation purchasing a plan; The purchasing management organization organization system is not enough to improve and perfect; Purchase process existence handles phenomenon in disregard of the relevant rules and regulations; The government purchases professional staff of team insufficiency; The government purchases institutionalize construction lagging; The county level government purchases organization organization still faultily waiting a minute.

主要有：采购方式比较单一；政府采购的规模小、范围窄；采购计划的编制和执行存在较大的随意性；采购管理的组织机构体系不够完善；采购过程存在违规操作现象；政府采购队伍专业人员缺乏；政府采购法制化建设滞后；县级政府采购组织机构尚不健全等等。

First of all, the gradual reform conditions that the "dual" roads dependence have lead to "short-sighted view" and "darkness" of the design of system of social insurance; Secondly, it comes from the restrictions of resources and systems set by the governmental organizations; thirdly, the internal contradictions of the government itself that caused by its self-benefit and irrationalness have made the performance of governmental responsibilities become a "dual game" and there are tropisms of internal "centralization" and external "being enterprises".

首先，存在&双重&路径依赖的渐进改革环境导致社会保险制度设计上的&短视&和&模糊&；其次，来自政府组织资源和体制上的限制；再次，政府内部存在的自利性和非理性等导致政府的自身矛盾，进而使政府责任的履行成为&双重博弃&，存在制度内部&中央化&和外部&企业化&的取向。

Because of the exclusiveness and the noncompetitive of public goods, the general viewpoint regards that government should provide them to solve market failure, but with the increase of the per capita income, the change of industrial structure and the continuous change of the values of people, they proposed higher requirement to the supply of public goods, but the deficiency of governmental financial, the low efficiency of governmental operation leads to the severe deficiency of public goods.

由于公共产品的非排他性和非竞争性，一般观点认为公共产品应该由政府提供以解决市场失灵，但是随着我国人均收入的增加、产业结构的变动以及人们价值观的不断变化，人们对公共产品的供给提出了更多和更高的要求，而政府财力不足、政府运营公共资金的低效率又导致政府提供的公共产品严重不足，这种矛盾构成了当前我国公共产品供给的主要矛盾。

Under the perfectly free trade, outsourcing can make more profit than inhouse does no matter how big the products substitutability is while under the government's optimal trade policy, while subsidizing or tax the intermediate input productor, depend on the difference of products substitutability. If products substitutability is big, government would offer subsidy definitely, but if the substitutability of the products is very small, the government would not subsidize them but tax instead.

在完全自由贸易下，就本国与外国对於要素的需求而言，无论产品替代性大小皆为外购会比自己内制生产的利润还要大；政府的最适贸易政策下，政府对於厂商要素的补贴与否，端视产品替代性的大小，产品的替代性愈大，无论如何政府皆给予补贴，但如果产品的替代性很小，则政府不但不补贴，反而将会对於厂商课徵税额；而对於第三国进行最终财课税，将会使第三国进口的要素价格降低，达到抑制的效果。

From 1992, in order to adapt to the socialist market economy, on the premise of collective authorization, the central government and higher levels of government also have executed selective recentralization of power.

其中，1978-1991年间，主要表现为中央政府向地方政府、上级政府向下级政府授权。1992年以来，为了适应构建社会主义市场经济体制的要求，在总体授权的前提下，中央政府和上级政府又进行了选择性集权。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。