放样

The RTK technology's appearance enabled the construction lofting to have the unprecedented development, not only has overcome the traditional lofting law and the coordinate lofting method shortcoming, moreover had the hour of observation to be short, the precision high, did not need the intervisibility, the scene to give merits and so on precise coordinates.

RTK技术的出现使施工放样有了突破性的发展，不但克服了传统放样法和坐标放样法的缺点，而且具有观测时间短，精度高、无须通视、现场给出精确坐标等优点。

Meanwhile, The complicated computation of the laying-out procedures can be accomplished by means of PC-E500S or CASIO calculators to make the laying-out operation various and productivity improved obviously.

本文介绍一种新的方法，任意点设站坐标逐点逼近法，即利用可编程计算器或便携机配合全站仪，用坐标法进行路堑开挖线的放样，相对于传统方法，该方法不但在效率和精度上都有较大提高，而且可以根据需要和现场情况任意设站，使开挖线的放样更加灵活[2]。1施测原理1.1资

Construction of concrete lining at the time of the basic lofting lofting method consistent with the excavation.

混凝土衬砌时的施工放样基本与开挖放样方法一致。

In polar coordinates method of data preparation and lofting Lofting.

极坐标法放样数据的准备及放样。

Through the analysis of material layout and lofting process for conical shell ,the relevant equations were derived.

通过分析锥壳放样排料的过程，推导出锥壳放样排料的有关公式。

That method has break through traditional lofting model.

该方法突破了传统的放样模式，步骤简单、快捷，数据准确、可靠，大大优于传统的"作图法"、"计算法"，是对传统放样模式的技术提升，是牛角弯头展开放样准确、简单化的有效途径。

The following software to be used by company, GHS(R11.5) software used for Hydrostatics calculation, stability and global strength evaluation and freeboard and tonnage calculation; SHD and Mastership software used for Hull construction Modeling, Working drawing generation and Mould loft; ANSYS software used for FEM structural analysis; SB3DS software used for modeling of Piping and it s fittings, electrical cable and it s fittings, working drawing generation; Microsoft Project used to project planning.

公司内的设计和管理工作主要应用以下软件：船舶性能计算采用用美国的 GHS(R11.0)系统；船体结构建模及放样采用上海东欣软件；船舶结构有限元分析主要用ANSYS通用有限元分析及结构优化软件；管系布置及放样软件采用SB3DS；电缆布置及放样软件采用SB3DS； Microsoft Project用于工程及设计管理。

At last, the paper discusses distortion detection methods of Magnetically Suspension Train project. With VisualBasic6.0, we opens out naturalization layout and precision assessing software which can compute layout data and assess precision well and truly to guide construction layout conveniently. Thus, the efficiency of work can be heightened. Opening out distortion inspect and analyze software, can ascertain base's settlement, peg tip' distortion and the movement of tramroad girder's plane position in course of construction and using. This can provide bases to later alike projects.

本文在VisualBasic6.0环境中开发的磁悬浮工程归化法放样与精度评定系统软件，在施工放样阶段能比较方便、直观、准确地计算出放样数据并进行精度评定，以指导现场施工放样工作，可以大大地提高工作效率；开发的变形监测与分析系统软件，可以在施工过程中以及工程运营期间对整个工程进行变形监测处理，用以确定基础沉降和桩顶变形以及轨道梁平面位置的变化，从而可以为以后的同类工程建设提供依据。

This method is most special is the principle of simple and clear, setting out the process visible and tangible, it is applicable to a little bit knowledge of sheet l scene lofting geometry, which is a revolutionary approach, which not only greatly reduced the mapping workload, but also a great convenience in construction. Same time, it can also be a more traditional method (open show diagram drawing or galvanized sheet cut oil felt like, after re-opening in the pipe body gestures draw the cutting line method) is more accurate and pipe sections match exactly between the butt, thereby ensuring the steel fork tube and bend production quality.

该方法的最大特就点是原理简单明了，放样过程看得见摸得着，很适用于稍有一点几何常识的钣金工现场放样，这是一革命性的方法，它不仅大大地减少了制图工作量，而且也极大方便快捷了施工，同时它还可较传统方法（绘制开口展图后用油毛毡或镀锌板裁样再后在管身上比划绘出开口切割线的方法）来得准确无误与管段间对接严丝合缝，进而保证钢岔管和弯头的制作质量。

The checking of any setting-out or of any line or level by the Engineer shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of his responsibility for the accuracy thereof and the Contractor shall carefully protect and preserve all bench-marks, sight-rails, pegs and other things used in setting-out the Works.

工程师对任何放样或标高的检查不应以任何方式免除承包人对放样准确性所负的责任，承包人应仔细保护和保存在放样中使用的水准基点，龙门板，测桩和工程放样所用的其他标志物。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。