操作误差

Because of fault in operation and the precision of instrument,the defect error and accidental error are involved in the procession of data collection,the defect error that are brought by mistakes of people and influence of outside is large,the contingency error that are inevitably and randomicity is little.

在采集数据过程中，由于某些操作或仪器原因，往往使数据中包含人为错误，或外界干扰产生的量值较大的"过失误差"以及不可避免的带随机性质且量值较小的"偶然误差"。

This article estimates the extreme loss distribution with extreme value theory, estimates the shape parameter with HKKP estimator, which is unbiased to small sample data, selects the right threshold by selecting smallest mean square error of the estimated cumulative distribution function and empirical cumulative distribution function and based on the extreme value theory method, this article estimates the extreme loss distribution and the p-percentile operational loss under certain believe range for Chinese commercial banks, then calculates the operational risk supervise capital.

本文利用极值理论对中国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计，针对尾参数估计的来用传统Hill佑计对小样本数据容易产生偏倚的情况，提出了采用Hill佑计的改进―小样本无偏估计的HKKP佑计来估计操作损失的尾参数，针对由于阈值确定不准确导致结果偏差大的情况，采用最小化估计的累计概率分布与经验累计概率分布平均平方误差的方法确定较精确的阈值，估计出给定置信水平下操作风险损失的分位数，从而使得中国商业银行操作风险监管资本的测定成为可能。

The system of blower performance auto-testing improves the stability of testing process, avoids the error of reading, the error of calculation and the error of result causing by relative dates can not be recorded at the same time, the precision and efficiency of testing is largely improved.

整个系统具有界面友好、操作方便、功能齐全等优点，试验结果表明研制基于虚拟仪器的风机状态自动测试系统，增加了试验过程的稳定性，避免了人为的读数误差、计算误差以及相关数据不能同时记录所引起的试验结果的偏差，提高了测试精度和试验效率。

High measure precision: High precision and low operation error can meet needs of various levels of operator, identical measurement results can be gained in spite of different practical experiment of operator.

测量精度高：不但测量精度高，且个人操作误差小，不同的测量人员，不管有无经验均可获得相同的测量值。●使用范围广泛：可测大型、重型工件某个部位的尺寸，也可适用于高温、放射性等恶劣环境条件下的测量。

Comparing these deviation values and the colligate error controllable limit of the ferrography technical and analysis the amount of deviation, the method of fractional precipitation is feasible in actual operation .

通过比较这些偏差值与铁谱技术的综合误差控制限度，并分析误差原因，来判定铁谱技术中磨粒分步沉积方法在实际操作中的可行性。

Note that both arithmetic and non-arithmetic operations might also produce others "non-rounding" errors, such as underflow/overflow, division-by-zero or 'operation errors'.

注意，算术操作和非算术操作都可能产生其它"非舍入"误差，例如下溢/上溢，除 0，或'操作误差'。

Result］ It could be concluded through analyzing the model that both the mass uncertainties of quinoline phosphomolybdate precipitates and tested samples were from the resolving power and precision of balance and its maximum tolerance in assay certificate; the uncertainty brought in by volumetric flask was from the permissible error of 250 ml volumetric flask, the operation of increasing the volume to scale of volumetric flask while diluting solution and the difference between experimental temperature and the temperature at the time when the volumetric flask was calibrated; the uncertainty brought in by pipette was from the permissible error of itself, the operation of increasing the volume to intake scale while taking solution and the difference between experimental temperature and the temperature at the time when the pipette was calibrated.

结果］磷钼酸喹啉沉淀和试样质量的不确定度均来自天平的分辨力、精确度、鉴定证书上天平的最大允差，容量瓶引入的不确定度来自250 ml容量瓶本身的允许误差、稀释溶液时将体积增加到容量瓶刻度的操作和试验温度与容量瓶校准时温度的差异，吸量管引入的不确定度来自于吸量管本身的允许误差、吸取溶液时将体积增加到吸取刻度时的操作和试验温度与吸量管校准时温度的差异。

Results Will originally the many times operation becomes once the operation,has made the function simplification,and has lightened the labour intensity of inspection personnel,and has reduced the pollution chance,and has avoided the personal error of manual operations.

结果：将原来的多次操作变为一次操作，使操作过程简化，减轻了检验人员的劳动强度，减少了污染机会，避免了手工操作的人为误差。

Compared with alcoholmeter method, its measurement results were more accurate. The alcohol content measurement results by chemical oxidation and by international density flask method were the same.

在这两个方法中，密度瓶法作为经典的分析方法，结果准确，但是，20℃的恒温条件不易控制，这就势必造成一定的分析误差；而酒精计法虽然具有操作简便快速，但由于酒精计精度较差和人为因素，导致误差较大。

Three methods and 3 calculating formula were used to choose for concrete operation according to the idea at urine iodine assayed with cerous sulfate reducing reaction by which WHO and ICCIDD draw up the preventive and curative criteria of iodine deficiency.

本文根据&WHO与ICCIDD制定的碘缺乏病防治标准与方法&中硫酸铈还原反应测定尿碘的意图，采用3种方法和3种计算公式对具体操作进行选择，并对原标准对照计算法的不合理以及计算误差对评价尿碘水平的效能进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）方法Ⅰ存在仪器误差，准确度不佳。方法Ⅱ线性关系和准确度较理想，但操作不便计算麻烦。方法Ⅲ线性关系和准确度与方法Ⅱ无差异，操作和计算简便、节约试剂。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。