操作

The character of integration calls for improving the design quality of process operations and suggests that it should be studied with the help of process control system blockdiagram. The character of optimization indicates that the design of operating procedures must be based on process simulation.

其中，操作程序的集成化特征对操作程序设计提出了改进过程操作设计品质的要求，启发了结合过程控制系统方块图进行研究的思路；而操作程序的动态最优化特征则明确了操作程序设计问题必须以过程建模与仿真为工作基础的思想。

A new design for a 3-DOF parallel manipulator has been conceived in the form of the architecture of the Cassino Parallel Manipulator [3] by using four-bar linkages in the legs and a symmetric design in order to obtain a user-friendly design and easy operation, although parallel manipulators may have complex design and nonintuitive operation.

一台3－DOF 并行操作器的一种新设计已经被以Cassino 并行操作器的建筑的形式设想 [3]为了获得一种便于用户操作的设计和容易的经营通过在腿和一种匀称的设计里使用4 间酒吧的连杆，虽然并行操作器可能有复杂的设计和nonintuitive 操作。

Op1 + op2 The addition operator will add two numbers. op1 - op2 The subtraction operator will subtract two numbers. op1 * op2 The multiplication operator will multiply two numbers. op1 / op2 The division operator will divide two numbers. op1 % op2 The modulus operator will return the remainder of the division of two integer operands. op1 xx op2 The exponentiation operator will raise op1 to the power of op2.++op1 The pre-increpment operator will increase the value of op1 first, then assign it. op1++ The post-increment operator will increase the value of op1 after it is assigned.--op1 The pre-decrement operator will decrease the value of op1 before it is assigned. op1-- The post-decrement operator will decrease the value of op1 after it is assigned.

op1 + op2 对两个数值做加法操作 op1 - op2 对两个数值做减法操作 op1 * op2 对两个数值做乘法操作 op1 / op2 对两个数值做除法操作 op1 % op2 求两个整型数值的余数 op1 xx op2 求幂操作：求 op1 的 op2 次幂++op1 前加操作： op1 的值先增加，然后将值赋给自身 op1++后加操作： op1 的值先赋给自身，再增加值--op1 前减操作： op1 的值先减少，然后将值赋给自身 op1—后减操作： op1 的值先赋给自身，再减少值

In the first part of this paper, we concentrate on the categories and character of operational risk, discuss the important affect on financial institution. The present situation of operational risk management in Chinese financial institution is also briefly introduced. In the second part of this paper, the strategy, organization structure and management process of operational risk management is discussed, and some main methodology and system of the internal control of operational risk management in international financial institution are listed here.

本文第一部分简要地介绍了操作风险的分类和基本特征，并分析了操作风险对金融机构的重要影响和我国金融机构操作风险管理现状；第二部分着重讨论操作风险管理的战略，操作风险管理的组织结构、管理流程，以及操作风险管理的内部控制过程，并列举了一些国际上通常的内部控制手段和制度。

In the traditional reservoir operation system, in general, we use the rule curve as a method of operation, and the reservoir rule curve is the result of system simulation method. Due to the regular and simple rule curve operation unable to satisfy the actual demand effectively. In order to improve the defect, there are many system planning theories and optimum seeking methods to find the optimum operation strategies. The reservoir operators are uncomfortable with the complicated optimum operation strategies. In this article the fuzzy inference model is used to establish a simple and effective operation rule for the reservoir operator.

在传统的水库操作系统中，一般都使用操作规线为操作方式，水库操作规线是系统模拟法所获得的结果，由於规律、简单的规线操作方式往往无法有效满足实际需求，为了改善传统操作上的缺点，近多有利用系统规划之理论，应用各种优选方法求取最佳操作策略，系统最佳操作策略其模式复杂，水库操作人员不易接受，故本文即以模糊推论系统建立一简单有效之操作规则予水库操作人员，作为水库操作放水之依据。

The each other operation of software opening a source and commercial software includes many levels, the each other between the operating system handles an issue, namely people familiar to the ear can the crosses platform; to also have the software below same operation platform each other of detailed handles an issue, namely the compatible problem; that we often mention still has the each other between documentation to handle an issue, documentation must come true to cover an uniform standard below in different platform, different office, true implementation each other operates ability.

开源软件与商业软件的互操作包括多个层面，有操作系统之间的互操作问题，也就是人们耳熟能详的跨平台；也有同一操作平台下软件的互操作问题，也就是我们经常提到的兼容问题；还有文档之间的互操作问题，文档必须实现在不同平台、不同办公套件下的统一标准，才能真正的实现互操作。

A transaction is a service provided by a database to guarantee that a series of individual actions occur atomically - meaning either they all succeed or they all don't, and if they don't then they are all automatically undone before anything else is allowed to happen.

事务事务是数据库系统提供系列操作完整性的服务-意味着所有的操作成功或者所有的操作失败，如果所有的操作失败，任何其他操作之前所有的操作将自动回滚。

Further more, we discuss four related issues:(1) Through reducing the number of operations in history buffer, we can optimize the efficiency for running continuously;(2) Support Undo operation for collaborative document editor through involving a delete counter for each object;(3) Introduce a new timestamp model to support concurrent operations in a single site for shared data;(3) Through involving a NOOP operation and executing transaction operation with all related NOOP operations to guarantee transaction operation is serialized.

进一步，本文讨论了一致性维护的四个相关问题：（1）通过精简操作的历史队列，实现算法持续执行时的效率优化；（2）通过引入对象节点的删除计数器，实现对文档的协同编著中的Undo操作支持；（3）介绍了一个新的支持单站点上共享数据的并发操作的时间戳模型；（4）通过引入空操作NOOP且保持事务操作和相应的NOOP操作同时执行，保证事务操作的序列化。

The main contributions of this research lie in that, Firstly, with reference to major research in this field, the study does not confine itself to the common methods used. With the study of the foundermental financial institutions as a starting analysis point, it helps to broaden the view of international academic research on operational risks, and deepen the understanding of the intensions, characteristics and attributes of commercial banking operational risks. Secondly, studying operational risks on the basis of the unique economic and institutional conditions of China and utilizing the concept of operational risks to redissect the risk structure of SOBs contributes to the comprehensive understanding of the root risk structure of China's financial risks and the practical difficulties encountered in the governance of SOBs. It also helps to implore how to combine the international standard rules with the economic development and the financial system reform.

本研究的主要意义在于：第一，博采众长，不拘泥于现有银行风险研究方法，从对基本金融制度的探讨展开分析，有助于拓宽学术界研究操作风险的视角，同时也深化了对商业银行操作风险的内涵、特征和属性的认识；第二，立足中国国情研究操作风险，利用操作风险概念重新解析国有商业银行风险结构，有助于更全面地理解中国金融风险的深层结构和中国国有银行治理的真正困难，为探索如何将国际通行规则与中国经济发展和金融体制改革有机结合开辟了新思路；第三，在理论研究和实证研究的基础上，为商业银行操作风险管理和监管部门监管提供对策，对于操作风险管理和监管的现实操作具有借鉴意义。

Secondly, it summarizes development and gradual progress about operational risk measurement. Analyzes and compares two main categories at present: bottom-up and top-down, and Loss Distribution Approach of top-down and Income Model of bottom-up is studied deeply, then finds out the main challenges of operational risk measure methods. Thirdly, taking examples for Shanghai Pudong Development Bank and Shenzhen Development Bank, it demonstrates operational risk measurement of our banking using Basic Indicator Approach and Income Model of bottom-up. And by comparing its effects with analysis result of concrete loss incidents of operational risk, it is approved that to apply operational risk measurement to our banking is feasibility. Finally, the paper analyzes difficulties to measure operational risk, such as weak consciousness of measuring operational risk, short of effective modern measuring model, behindhand of loss data collection and lack of perfect inside management mechanism of measurement, and then gives some advices.

接着总结了操作风险度量方法的发展演进过程，对目前度量操作风险的两类主流方法&自下而上&法和&自上而下&法进行了详细的分析和比较，分别选取&自下而上&的损失分布法和&自上而下&的收入模型法展开深入研究，并剖析了操作风险度量方法面临的主要挑战；接着以&浦东发展银行&和&深圳发展银行&为例，选用&自上而下&的基本指标法和收入模型法进行了操作风险度量的实证分析，并将分析结果与使用具体损失事件的实际操作风险分析结果进行了比较，证实了操作风险度量方法应用于我国的可行性；最后文章对我国银行业度量操作风险中存在的现实困难进行了深入探讨，指出了我国存在操作风险度量认识障碍、缺乏适用的现代操作风险度量模型、损失数据收集工作滞后以及操作风险度量缺乏完善的内部管理机制保证四大方面的现实问题，并提出了对策建议。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了