提单

There are two legal systems to realize the negotiability of EBL, one being the Oaw-making, by which EBL is recognized as BL in nature, and the other being contract, by which attornment is used to realise the negotiability of EBL.

电子提单流通性的实现机制有两个，其一系基于有关电子提单的立法，通过立法直接承认电子提单在法律性质上是提单。

Article 95 Where the holder of the bill of lading is not the terer in the case of a bill of lading issued under a voyage ter, the rights obligations of the carrier the holder of the bill of lading shall be governed by the clauses of the bill of lading.

第九十五条对按照航次租船合同运输的货物签发的提单，提单持有人不是承租人的，承运人与该提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系适用提单的约定。

Ve a right to possession of the goods to which the bill relates; and a person shall be regarded for the purposes of this Act as having become the lawful holder of a bill of lading wherever he has become the holder of the bill in good faith.

因此，有学者认为英国法的做法更值得借鉴，进而提出"提单持有人"是指占有提单并通过提单签发或提单的正当转让程序取得这种占有的人。

Article 95 Where the holder of the bill of lading is not the charterer in the case of a bill of lading issued under a voyage charter, the rights and obligations of the carrier and the holder of the bill of lading shall be governed by the clauses of the bill of lading.

第九十五条对按照航次租船合同运输的货物签发的提单，提单持有人不是承租人的，承运人与该提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系适用提单的约定。

At first, this thesis starts with the negotiability of bill of lading, and by analyzing the features of bill of lading negotiation concludes its meaning and make it clear that in what sense straight B/L is not negotiable.

本文首先从提单的可转让性入手，通过分析提单转让所呈现的特征总结出提单转让的含义并明确了记名提单在何种意义上不具有可转让性。

Along with the navigation technology and the trade development, is engaged in the transportation specially the carrier appearance, appears bill of lading this kind of tool, the corresponding bill of lading legal dispute also arises at the historic moment, mainly includes without the list sells goods, but actually signs, in advance borrows the bill of lading and the bill of lading postil dispute three big kinds.

随着航海技术和贸易的发展，专门从事运输的承运人出现，出现提单这种工具，相应的提单法律纠纷也应运而生，主要包括无单放货、倒签、预借提单和提单批注纠纷三大类。

This paper will examine the nature of Antedated B/L, by analyzing the relationship not only between shippers and buyers, but also between carriers and buyers. Preventive measures are suggested in order to avoid the negative effects of Antedated B/L to international trade.

本文从倒签提单各个当事人之间的关系入手，分析倒签提单的法律性质归属问题，并着重从实务角度提出对倒签提单行为的防范措施，希望对国际贸易中规避与防范倒签提单风险提供一些有益的借鉴。

Article 75 If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the description, mark, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods with respect to which the carrier or the other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf has the knowledge or reasonable grounds to suspect that such particulars do not accurately represent the goods actually received, or, where a shipped bill of lading is issued, loaded, or if he has had no reasonable means of checking, the carrier or such other person may make a note in the bill of lading specifying those inaccuracies, the grounds for suspicion or the lack of reasonable means of checking.

第七十五条承运人或者代其签发提单的人，知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物符，在签发己装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符，或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的，可以在提单上批注，说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。

Article 75 If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the description, mark, number of packages pieces, weight quantity of the goods with respect to which the carrier the other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf has the knowledge reasonable grounds to suspect that such particulars do not accurately represent the goods actually received,, where a shipped bill of lading is issued, loaded, if he has had no reasonable means of checking, the carrier such other person may make a note in the bill of lading specifying those inaccuracies, the grounds f suspicion the lack of reasonable means of checking.

第七十五条承运人或者代其签发提单的人，知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物符，在签发己装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符，或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的，可以在提单上批注，说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。

If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning thegeneral nature, leading marks, number of packages or pieces, weight orquantity of the goods which the carrier or other person issuing thebill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonal grounds to suspectdo not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or, where ashipped bill of lading issues, loaded, or if he had no reasonable meansof checking such particulars, the carrier or such other person mustinsert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying theseinaccuracies, grounds of suspicion of the absence of reasonable meansof checking.

&如果承运人或代其签发提单的其它人确知或者有合理的根据怀疑提单所载有关货物的品类、主要标志、包数或件数、重量或数量等项目没有准确地表示实际接管的货物，或在签发&已装船提单的情况下，没有准确地表示实际装船的货物，或者他无适当的方法来核对这些项目，则承运人或该其它人必须在提单上做出保留，说明不符之处，怀疑根据，或无适当的核对方法。这是一句取自《联合国一九七八年海上货物运输公约》中有关提单的条款，仅英语词汇就有102个，这种长句在法律英语中随处可见。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。