提单

Instructs the bill of lading, also divides instructs payable to bearer and records a name instructed: The payable to bearer instruction bill of lading only fills in "To order ", must endorses after the shipper be able to transfer, calls "to order".

根据提单"收货人"栏内的书写内容，可分为"记名提单'和"指示提单"。提单"收货人栏，又称提单抬头，表明货物所有权的归属。记名提单，该栏记载特定收货人名称，只能由该收货人提货，不能转让。

B 87 FOUL BILL OF LADING 不清洁提单,瑕疵提单- A Foul Bill of Lading is a document where the master of the vessel has taken exception and stated that the goods were received in damaged condition and/or the shipment was incomplete.

不清洁 提单」或「瑕疵提单」指承运人在提单上已加注货物及/或包装状况不良或存在缺陷等批注的提单。

Although the characteristics of maritime transport, the shipper has decided not to sign the bill of lading, but the bill of lading, after all, different from the general contract, regardless of whether the bill of lading holder in the bill of lading was signed, bills of lading provisions are binding on them.

虽然由于海洋运输的特点，决定了托运人并没在提单上签字，但因提单毕竟不同于一般合同，所以不论提单持有人是否在提单上签字，提单条款对他们都具有约束力。

This article analyses the essential character of bill of landing in voyage charter party, which exists as a sort of contract relationship between the carrier and the B/L holder provided by marine law. Then it puts forward three pieces of constructive advice on the valid conditions of incorporation into the bill of lading of the arbitration clause contained in the charter party and offers some suggestion to the buyers in china.

本文通过分析航次租约中的提单性质，明确了提单在承运人和非承租人的提单持有人之间是作为一种法律拟制的特殊合同存在；对航次租约仲裁条款并入提单的生效要件提出了意见，对于中国货方如何避免仲裁并入条款的不利影响提出了一些可行性建议，并分析了我国立法和司法机关为保护我国提单持有人的利益可采取的措施。

Factor's Act 1889）的第一条也对document of title to goods下了定义,并强调了货物的占有权和控制权,具体如下:"the expression of document of title shall include any bill of lading, dock warrant, warehouse-keeper's certificate, and warrant or order for the delivery of goods, and any other document used in the ordinary course of business as proof of the possession or control of goods, or authoring or purporting to authorize, either by endorsement or by delivery, the possessor of the document to transfer or receive goods thereby represented."

以此为立足点，该学说认为提单的持有和转让与货物所有权的拥有和转移在许多情况下是完全脱节的，提单的转让只是转让货物的推定占有，并不带来货物的所有权的必然转移；即使在国际贸易的运转程度中，提单也完全没有成为或强化为物权凭证的必要。因此，把提单说成是物权凭证是一场历史的误会。提单作为海上货物运输单证的一种，除了是海上货物运输合同以及货物已经由承运人接收或装船的证明外，它只能是一种可转让的权利凭证，即据以向承运人提取货物的凭证。

The paper which is based on the main issues related to bill of lading fraud and in order to solve the fraud uses the method of dialectics and comparison to draw the following conclusion: bill of lading fraud cannot deny bright prospect of bill of lading system, all countries must strengthen legislation and establish a prevention and control mechanism.

本文以提单欺诈相关问题为主要线索，以解决提单欺诈为目的，运用比较的、辩证的方法，对该问题作了研究与分析并得出如下结论：提单欺诈不能否认提单制度的光明前景，必须加强反欺诈立法，建立提单欺诈防控机制。

Article 75 If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the description, mark, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods with respect to which the carrier or the other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf has the knowledge or reasonable grounds to suspect that such particulars do not accurately represent the goods actually received, or, where a shipped bill of lading is issued, loaded, or if he has had no reasonable means of checking, the carrier or such other person may make a note in the bill of lading specifying those inaccuracies, the grounds for suspicion or the lack of reasonable means of checking.

第七十五条承运人或者代其签发提单的人，知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物不符，在签发已装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符，或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的，可以在提单上批注，说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。

If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the general nature, leading marks, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods which the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or, where a shipped bill of lading issues, loaded, or if he had no reasonable means of checking such particulars, the carrier or such other person must insert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying these inaccuracies, grounds of suspicion of the absence of reasonable means of checking.

&如果承运人或代其签发提单的其它人确知或者有合理的根据怀疑提单所载有关货物的品类、主要标志、包数或件数、重量或数量等项目没有准确地表示实际接管的货物，或在签发&已装船提单的情况下，没有准确地表示实际装船的货物，或者他无适当的方法来核对这些项目，则承运人或该其它人必须在提单上做出保留，说明不符之处，怀疑根据，或无适当的核对方法。这是一句取自《联合国一九七八年海上货物运输公约》中有关提单的条款，这种长句在法律英语中随处可见。

Article 75 If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the de script ion, mark, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods with respect to which the carrier or the other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf has the knowledge or reasonable grounds to suspect that such particulars do not accurately represent the goods actually received, or, where a shipped bill of lading is issued, loaded, or if he has had no reasonable means of checking, the carrier or such other person may make a note in the bill of lading specifying those inaccuracies, the grounds for suspicion or the lack of reasonable means of checking.

第七十五条承运人或者代其签发提单的人，知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物符，在签发己装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符，或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的，可以在提单上批注，说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。

Article 75 If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the description, mark, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods with respect to which the carrier or the other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf has the knowledge or reasonable grounds to suspect that such particulars do not accurately represent the goods actually received, or, where a shipped bill of lading is issued, loaded, or if he has had no reasonable means of checking, the carrier or such other person may make a note in the bill of lading specifying those inaccuracies, the grounds for suspicion or the lack of reasonable means of checking.

第七十五条承运人或者代其签发提单的人，知道或者有合理的根据怀疑提单记载的货物的品名、标志、包数或者件数、重量或者体积与实际接收的货物不符，在签发己装船提单的情况下怀疑与已装船的货物不符，或者没有适当的方法核对提单记载的，可以在提单上批注，说明不符之处、怀疑的根据或者说明无法核对。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。