描写的人

In chapter 4, the essay expounds that this writing style is of the color of political apologue. In his writings, we can find many allegoric characteristics, such as uncertainty, ritual scenes, ironic style and recurrent narration. He communicated with the readers in the form of allegory.Yu Huas works were allegories about society, which were made up of death, desire

余华小说是一个关于社会的寓言，这个寓言由人的死亡、欲望、命运和出路的探求组成，他的寓意隐藏在他对社会成规的颠覆中，他大胆地对社会常理进行破坏，向读者揭露他认识到的人类固有的真实面目，通过刻意的暴力描写，把人类深埋在人生世像之下的丑陋本性暴露给世人，呼唤着人们对真实世界的认知，期盼着人性的复归。

The stark simplicity of Camus's language, his ability to evoke the physical , the unforgettable descriptions of the funeral vigil, the next morning's procession, and Meursault's daily routines combine with more disturbing aspects—Meursault's lack of normal human emotion, his mindless murder of the Arab, the prosecutor's outrage at the young man's indifference toward his mother's death, his own defiance of the jury and its sense of propriety, as well the improbability of a death sentence for a white man who has killed an Arab in Algeria—to create the great novel of French Algeria.

加缪式语言的刻骨简朴，那种唤醒感官的才能，那教人难忘的、关于葬礼守夜的描写，那第二天早上的送葬队伍，以及默尔塞的规律化日常生活连同那些更加令人侧目的片段—默尔塞对标准人类情感的缺乏，他杀害那名阿拉伯人时的随性淡然，检察官指责他对母亲的死无动于衷时的勃然怒火，他对陪审团的藐视和陪审团那规规矩矩的气氛，还有一个白人在阿尔及利亚杀死一名阿拉伯人后被判死刑的不合常理—这一切造就了这部法属阿尔及利亚的伟大小说。

Realism concentrates on the representation of the external reality of certain social group, featured by chronological order, omniscient point of view, closed ending, external characterization and so on; modernisms focus shifts to the consciousness and subconsciousness of mankind, mythical archetype, stream of conscious, anti-hero, open ending have been used frequently by modernists; postmodernism serves as a break as well ascontinuity of modernism, similar with modernism, it rebels against any pre-established rules and pays attention to innovations in form, but it emphasizes absurdity, playfulness and the crisis of representation in postmodern society, the blurring of high and low literature, collage, parody are the favorites of postmodernist.

现实主义侧重对社会某一群体的现实生活的反映，一般带有明确的时空概念，严密的情节，常用的叙事角度为全知视角，人物塑造上以外部描写为主；现代主义小说多表现人物内在心理的变化，关注人的意识及潜意识，神话原形、意识流、反英雄、开放式结尾为现代主义小说常用手法；后现代主义小说继承了现代主义对传统的反叛、形式上的革新等原则，但其作品强调后工业社会的荒诞性、游戏性及表征危机，有意识地混淆了高雅文学与通俗文学的界限，拼贴画、戏仿在后现代作品中应用广泛。

Among tragic novels,at first,by creating Unbalanced People,Hardy proved that at that time people were in division with society,nature,other people and theirselves,therefore,he made a new definition about """"people"""" and depicted the modern's basic outline:lonely,broken and pessimistic.Secondly,by courting persistently to """"Paganism Spirit"""",he not only criticized a great deal of drawbacks of Englightenment Modernityrdecrepit ethics,rigid reason,etc,but also drew the """"aesthetic""""prescription for the modern in predicament and called people to get back to t heir own existence,resume due status of perceptuality,impules and desire,etc.Thirdly,by profoundly conveying of pessimism,he revealed people's miserable situations under the violences of civilization and undependence after losing the God.Thus he refused the deformities of Enlightenment Modernity and enlightened people to look for new way of existence.At last,though dominated by realism,through the unique use of """"coincidence"""" and """"psychological depiction"""",his creation ,hi form,was somewhat similar with the modernism novels in the 20th century.

哈代在他创作的悲剧小说中，首先，通过对&非平衡性人物&的塑造，反映了当时的人们正处在与社会、自然、他人和自我的四重分裂状态中，由此他对&人&进行了重新的定义，描绘出了现代人的基本轮廓：孤独、破碎和悲观；其次，通过对&异教精神&的执着追求，他不仅批判了启蒙现代性的诸多弊端：衰朽的伦理道德、僵化的理性等等，同时，亦为困境中的现代人开出了&审美&的药方，呼唤人们回到自身的存在，恢复感性、冲动、欲望等的应有地位；第三，通过对&悲观主义&的深刻表达，他揭示了现代人的悲惨处境和失去上帝后的无所归依，从而拒绝了启蒙现代性的畸形规划，启示人们寻找新的存在之路；最后，虽然为现实主义所主宰，但通过&巧合&和&心理描写&手法的独特运用，他的创作又在形式上与20世纪的现代主义小说一脉相通。

After Oscar Hijuelos won the Pulitzer Prize for his sizzling novel of Cuba, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, publishers competed to bring out books by Latinos from a variety of backgrounds: Julia Alvarez's vividly told How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents, about four Dominican sisters in the Bronx; Cristina Garcia's sprightly Dreaming in Cuban, about her immigrant family in Miami; Francisco Goldman's The Long Night of White Chickens, set during Guatemala's military rule; When I Was Puerto Rican, Esmeralda Santiago's dreamy paean to her childhood; Drown, Junot Díaz's prickly stories about Dominican street punks.

在奥斯卡·希胡罗斯以古巴主题的激情小说《曼波王演奏爱之歌》荣获普利策奖之后，出版商争先恐后推出各种背景的拉美裔作家的作品。于是便有了朱莉娅·阿尔瓦雷斯叙述布朗克斯区4个多米尼加姐妹成长故事的生动小说《卡西亚姑娘们不再带口音》；克里斯蒂娜·加西亚描绘她在迈阿密的移民家庭的清新明快的《梦回古巴》；弗朗西斯科·戈德曼以危地马拉军统时期为背景的《白鸡的漫长夜》；埃斯梅拉达·圣地亚哥追忆梦幻童年的《我是波多黎各人的岁月》；以及朱诺特·迪亚斯描写多米尼加裔街头无业青年严酷生活的短篇小说集《沉沦》。

The characterisations are one of the strongest aspects of his writing.

对人物个性的描写是他的作品中最特殊的风格，他把他见到过的所有人的性格特点都写到书里，并且这种习惯贯穿了他的一生。

Is a natural evolution from realism, from development, which has the features of realism and realism, realism, it is further than reality; naturalist on the environment, scenery, the people, the psychological aspects of the activities described in a more objective than reality and, more specifically, more nuanced, as Zola answered some of his critics, said:"I say the things I saw, I put it down, so it…… my work is not political parties and advocacy works, it is true performance works."

自然主义是从现实主义演变、发展而来，它具备现实主义的写实特征，就写实而言，它比现实主义更进一步；自然主义对环境、景物、人物的心理活动等方面的描写比现实主义更客观、更具体、更细腻，正如左拉回答一些人对他的批评时所说的那样：&我说出我看见过的东西，我把它记录下来，如此而已……我的作品不是党派和宣传的作品，它是表现真实的作品。&

For centuries, iambic pentameter had been a preferred poetic meter of outspoken literati across the globe, from the ancient Greek writer Archilochus to Shakespeare, Milton, Chaucer, and Voltaire—bold souls who chose to write their social commentaries in a meter that many of the day believed had mystical properties.

数世纪以来，五步抑扬格历来都是全球那些为人坦率的文人们的最爱，从古希腊的阿尔基洛科斯到莎土比亚，到弥尔顿，到乔叟，到伏尔泰，无一不是如此——这些勇敢的灵魂，选择了当时许多人都相信具有神秘特质的诗律形式，来描写他们所处的社会，针砭时弊。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。