推断

The main content of this course includes collecting and sorting statistical data, static data comparison and analysis; descriptive and inference statistics, time series analysis , statistical index, probability and distribution, sampling, parameter estimation, hypothesis testing;simple , multiple regression and correlation analysis .

重要内容有：统计数据的收集和整理、数据的静态比较分析、统计描述与统计推断、时间数列分析、统计指数、概率与概率分布、抽样分布、；参数估计、假设检验、简单回归和相关的统计推断、多元回归和多重相关分析。

Statistical inference when the functional form of the distribution is not specified.

非参数推断：分布的函数形式未知时的统计推断。

Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics? It is no longer of great interest to geologists. It was first proposed in the 1960's. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.

解析：根据原文末段末句，在1960's以前地质学家没有办法解释，而在之后tectonics理论给出了解释，于是可以推断这个理论在1960年推出，典型的"取非"细节推断题。

Objective To observe the condition of stain of thyroglobulin in thyroid glands and investigate the relationship between the PMI and the condition of degrade of thyroglobulin.

目的 观察不同死亡时间（Postmortem interval，PMI）甲状腺球蛋白的免疫组织化学表达，探讨甲状腺球蛋白的表达特点与PMI之间的关系，为推断PMI的研究提供新的思路和方法，为法医实践中中短期PMI的推断提供科学依据。

Methods: We collected 121 of clinical isolates of Enterobacter, including 87 isolates Enterobacter cloacae, 34 isolates Enterobacter aerogenes, all of the isolates were detected by cefoxitin three-dimension test, drug resistance phenotypes estimation, cloxacillin disc synergy test and cloxacillin-potentiated disc diffusion test respectively to find high-level AmpC β-lactamase isolates, drug resistance phenotypes estimation were also used to detected high induction producing AmpC β-lactamases isolates, meanwhile, we took three-dimension test as standard method, and compared to other methods, then calculated the coincidence rates, sensitivities and specificities of them.

采用头孢西丁三维实验、纸片耐药表型推断法、邻氯西林纸片协同法、双纸片邻氯西林增效试验分别检测高产AmpCβ-内酰胺酶株，获得高产AmpC酶在肠杆菌属细菌中的表达状况。采用纸片耐药表型推断法检测诱导和高产AmpC酶，同时以头孢西丁三维实验为标准，其他三种方法与之相比较，分析它们检测高产AmpC酶的符合率、灵敏度和特异性。

In the three systems, system realizes the crosslinking of PVC bases on the peroxide crosslinking mechanism, the tensile strength of crosslinked PVC has been improved somewhat, the IR spectrum of gel demonstrates that there are characteristic absorption peaks of n-alcohol that belongs to ethanol amine and benzenoid group. From the analysis of gel structure , deduces that the mechanism of crosslinking reaction: under the initiations of peroxide and high temperature, PVC yields macromolecules free radicals, at the same time , styrene"s polymerization and grafting onto PVC takes place, at last the system forms crosslinking structure through coupling between radicals; confirms that triethanol amine can absorb HC1 produced by degradation of PVC, so improves the crosslinking efficiency of peroxide, decreases the HCl"s promotion for PVC"s degradation; deduces that triethanol amine can activate the PVC macromolecules and prolong the free radicals" life-time of PVC macromolecules; the effect to the PVC macromolecule makes styrenes graft reaction easy, and thus improves the crosslinking efficiency.

三种体系中三乙醇胺/过氧化二异丙苯/苯乙烯体系基于过氧化物交联机理实现了聚氯乙烯的交联，聚氯乙烯交联后拉伸强度有一定提高，凝胶红外光谱分析证实了凝胶结构中含有乙醇胺的伯醇基团特征吸收和苯环的特征吸收，由凝胶结构分析，推断出交联反应的机理：聚氯乙烯在过氧化物和热作用下产生大分子自由基，苯乙烯在过氧化物和大分子自由基的作用下发生聚合和接枝反应，最终通过自由基之间的偶合产生交联；证实三乙醇胺可以吸收聚氯乙烯分解产生的HCl，提高了过氧化物的交联效率，消弱了HCl对聚氯乙烯降解的促进作用；推断三乙醇胺可以活化聚氯乙烯大分子并有可能使聚氯乙烯大分子自由基存在的时间得以延长，对聚氯乙烯大分子的作用使苯乙烯的接枝反应易于发生，从而提高了交联效率。

Fromthese facts,It could be deduced that 8 to 14 pairs of chromosomes possessed a certaindegree of hetorology,which was directly groved to be hybrid origin of P.tomentosaaccording to the good chromosome homology and fertility of P.bolleana and thehybrids of P.tomentosa×P.bolleana,it could be further deduced that the original parentsof P.tomentosa involved probably P.bolleana or P.alba.

从终变期、中期I的染色体构型看，有数目不等的联会程度较差的单价体和棒状二价体出现，在后期I，甚至末期I亦可见到含落后染色体分裂相的细胞，由此推断可能有8~14对染色体表现出一定程度的异源性，鉴于新疆杨以及毛白杨与新疆杨杂交产生的杂种毛新杨的染色体同源性较强、育性较好等现象，进一步推断毛白杨起源亲本可能包括新疆杨或银白杨。

In this study, reliable phylogenetic relationships of eight species in Pectinidae were inferred from the structure alignment, but not from sequence alignment, even with the aid of structural information.

本研究的结果显示，可靠的系统发生关系可以从完整的二级结构比对中推断得出，但不能从序列比对中推断得出。

In this paper, problems of trend test in clinical experiment are studied mainly by the statistical inference method under order restriction. The ori- gins of order restricted statistical inference are usually dated back to the early 1950s. At about the same time, a number of researchers started working inde- pendently on similar problems. The field developed rapidly during the 1960s and early 1970s and formed the more perfect theory of estimation and test- ing.

中文题名临床试验中的趋势性检验副题名外文题名 Trend test in clinical experiment 论文作者马艳萍导师史宁中教授学科专业概率论与数理统计研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位吉林大学学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数97页关键词临床试验趋势性检验数理统计约束下统计推断馆藏号BSLW /2003 /R311 /1 本文主要利用序约束下的统计推断方法对临床试验中的趋势性检验问题进行了研究。

Conclude in compound of ionic coexistence, ionic equation, element, the in corroding iron of experiment of sex of compound composition analysis, dug, metal is appropriative important role, it is carrier with iron element knowledge especially, in chemistry experiment, material concludes and chemistry is calculated (oxidize to be calculated reductively especially) have a lot of window examination questions.

在离子共存、离子方程式、元素化合物推断、化合物成分分析、探究性实验、金属的腐蚀中铁充当重要的角色，非凡是以铁元素知识为载体，在化学实验、物质推断和化学计算都有许多亮点试题。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。