推定证据

Presumptive evidence; a strong presumptive case is made out.

推定证据；提出了非常合理的假设。

The principles of accusers having the responsibility to supply evidences,opposing the coersion of self—proving crime,illegal evidence elimination,considering suspects as being not criminal and so on are the derivatives of the principle of non—criminal inference the essential safeguard of complete realization of suspects'and defendants'various rights in lawsuits and meantime the necessary demands of opposing lawsuits mode.

为其各项权利的实现奠定了基础，"控方承担举证责任"、"反对强迫自证其罪"、"非法证据排除"、"疑罪从无"等规则，是"无罪推定"原则的衍生物，是犯罪嫌疑人、被告人诉讼权利得以全面实现的必要保障，同时，也是对抗制诉讼模式的必然要求。

Presumption is a kind of evidence rule.The bribery presumption that the elisor concludes another related fact with the existent fact is a kind of proper evidence system using in bribery case.

推定，是一项证据规则，指司法者借助现存的事实，并据以推断出另一相关事实存在的一种假设。

Witnesses, competency, examination of witnesses, credibility and impeachment, privileges, admission and exclusion, opinion evidence and expert witnesses, relevancy, hearsay, best evidence rule, parol evidence rule, judicial notice, burdens, and presumptions.

其它的材料包括证人的出席，证人的适格与检验，信誉和怀疑，特权，允许和排除，意见证据和专家证人，关联性，传闻，最佳证据规则，口头证据规则，司法认知，负担和推定。

By differing prejudgment from doctrine of the presumption of innocence, the centralization of trial, doctrine of evidence judgment, doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence and direct wordage, I believe the principle is not isolated. By evaluating this principle, we shall raise its status in criminal judgment.

通过简单界定预断排除原则同无罪推定原则、审判中心主义、证据裁判原则、自由心证原则以及直接言词原则的关系，可以认识到这一原则并非一项孤立的存在，进而亦可加深理解它在刑事审判上的地位。

In the second part, this article gives descriptions about the effects ofpresumptions on the Burden of Proof in detail in the civil law and common law. In thecivil law, as a special provision of Burden of Proof, the presumption of law make theburden of production and the Burden of Proof shift to the adversary. In the commonlaw, there is a difficult wok to make a choice between shifting the burden ofproduction and shifting both of the burden of production and the burden ofpersuasion.

第二部分，就两大法系中推定对举证责任产生什么样的影响分别作了论述，大陆法系认为法律推定是一种特殊的举证责任规范，它转移结果意义上的举证责任和行为意义上的举证责任；英美法系法律推定在推定是只转移提供证据的责任还是及转移提供证据的责任又转移说服责任之间徘徊。

3 Provided that the Constructive Total Loss Clause in the current Institute Time Clauses Hulls or a clause having a similar effect is contained in the insurance on hull and machinery, the settlement of a claim for constructive total loss thereunder shall be accepted as proof of the constructive total loss of the Vessel.

9.3 如果船体和机器保险中包含现行协会船舶定期保险条款的推定全损条款或具有相似效果的条款，据此按推定全损解决索赔，应接受为保险船舶推定全损的证据。

This chapter further clarifies the core and basement of the modern principle evidence judgment in the procedure through resolving the relationship among the principle of the presumption of innocence and Directness and Verbalism free evaluation of evidence,etc,in order to effectively comprehend the function of the principle of evidentiary adjudication.

为有效理解证据裁判主义所具有的功能，通过解析其与无罪推定、直接言词原则、自由心证等制度之间的关系，进一步阐明了证据裁判主义在诉讼中的核心和基础地位。

It had been abolished in the end of Qing Dynasty with the influence of the western legal conception . Though the development of inquisition by torture , we can find three complications that make it overrun in the archaic law : Our traditional legal concept , the law principle of "guilty presumption" and the distemperedness of supervise system .

通过对刑讯制度三千年来发展轨迹的研究，我们认为导致古代司法活动中刑讯泛滥的主要原因有以下三个方面：一是传统司法理念忽视诉讼当事人的合法权利；二是古代司法活动遵循的是&有罪推定&的原则和&罪从供定&的证据规则；三是司法权力过于集中、司法监督力度的薄弱。

In comparison with court trials, administrative adjudications generally are governed by liberal evidentiary rules that create a strong presumption in favor of admitting questionable or challenged evidence.

和法院审判相比较，行政裁断一般受自由的证据规则支配。依此规则，常常造成很强烈的足以接受可疑的或受到质疑的证据的推定。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。