接触问题

The quality of interior environment in nursing home residents will become one of the attention-getting subjects due to the gradual increase of aging populations This paper directs at the research of nursing home's interior environment factors in Tainan We use the standard of international practice to analyze the intrinsical data of environmental monitoring and establish the characteristics which from environmental physical reaction of nursing home The research items are air environments (PM10 CO CO2 formaldehyde TVOC) temperate environments and light environment (illumination average brightness daylight factor) etc There are the inductive conclusions of this research: 1 In basic medicine the clinical diagnosis means the theory and technique about physical examination with patients The definition of clinical diagnosis in architecture should be the diagnosis of building preserve and improve the feasible way to extend building's service life and assure the residents of the healthy quality of interior environment The object of clinical diagnosis in architecture is not only to ensure the use of structure and environment quality but also keep the structure and environment quality in sustainable; therefore creating an efficient system of preserving plan is needed 2 It is an accurate and technical circumstance which about improving remedying and reconstructing the problems of structure space This circumstance includes finding questions ensuring causation ascertaining ultimate strength evaluating environment quality estimating the necessary of restoration and implementing on a suitable way Furthermore when reconstructing and ameliorating the appearance of structure space it should be respected and the memories of it should be preserved 3 In clinical diagnosis of environment quality of space the question of physical environment and the deficiencies of structure must be separated The structure space of construction and the high quality of space should be inspected strictly then observed the crucial reason that can find out any invisible and hidden causes The diagnosis of construction is to observe the reason of destroyed structure The environmental diagnosis of indoor and outdoor is to find out the crucial reason that influences health 4 In order to decrease the iterant problems the construction and environment of space should be diagnosed However the destruction by natural strength and artificial using by human are important causes that can affect the service life of construction Searching the cause of disease just like curing the patient which includes inspection diagnosis cure and prevention We tested the thermal conductivity of siding material in this research and then found out the roof east vertical face and west vertical face have most radiant heat especially the construction of RC The characteristics of opaquely outer casing have relations with the thermal conductivity of wall to wiz the ability of heat insulation Therefore increasing the efficiency of heat insulation and decreasing the endoergic factor of insolation are very important to temperate environments

而随著国内老年人人口逐渐增加，逐渐迈向高龄化之同时，对於高龄者使用空间之室内环境品质相关议题之探讨，亦成为未来我们需加以关注之议题之一。主要为针对台南某安养中心室内环境因子进行检测调查工作，利用现场室内环境测定以取得有效的实测数据；再藉由汇整相关国际评估基准，并进行实测数据比对分析，建立老人安养中心对物理环境反应之特性。并以前期相关研究文献回顾与老人安养中心实测案例现场的实验，来了解不同空间物理环境特性之影响，并将结果回馈实际建筑及室内设计之用。调查工作项目包含：空气环境之PM10、CO、CO2、甲醛、TVOC；温热环境之室内温度、相对湿度、人体PMV、PPD；光环境之照度、均齐度、昼光率等因子调查。本研究结果可归纳以下几点结论： 1 所谓临床诊断医学乃相对於基础医学而言，是指实际与病人接触的医疗及护理行为中牵涉到的理论和技术；而建筑的临床诊断的定义应为建筑本体与室内外诊断、维护及改善所有可行的方式来延长建筑物的寿命，并确保人与室内环境空间品质的健康。建筑临床诊断目的为确保结构体与环境品质能继续使用，而能维持所需要的效能及承受能力。一个有效的维护计画体系是必须建立的 2 在建筑空间之问题改善、治疗与修复执行中，是一个精确与技术性的事项，其中包含找出问题、确定原因、评估结构应力强度、评估环境品质、评估修复与改善必要性、选择及执行一个适当的过程。其改善与修复也必须尊重建筑空间原有色彩与形貌，并保留原有记忆及文化。 3 在临床诊断中空间环境品质中，物理性环境问题与结构构件缺陷必须分别判断，诊断建筑空间之结构与空间舒适品质必须详细观察其症结性问题，才能发现任何隐藏及有潜伏性缺陷的原因。建筑本体诊断是观察出建筑本体之破坏原因，而是内外空间环境诊断目的在於的找出影响健康因素之症结性问题。 4 建筑本体与空间环境之预防评估目的为降低与抑制问题的再发生。然而，自然力的破坏与人为使用因素皆是影响建筑生命期之主要因素，找出病源问题就如同医生对病人的处理，包含了侦查、诊断、治疗以及预防。 5 本研究以外墙材料热传导率测试结果发现，屋面与东西向立面是承受辐射热最多的地方，尤以 RC 的建筑更甚，不透明部分的外壳能特性主要与壁体的热传透率即隔热能力有关，但是承受来自日射的吸热影响，因此增加隔热性能与降低日射吸热因子是对温热环境是非常重要的。

Finally, based on the fundamental solutions of Biots consolidation of transversely isotropic saturated multi-layered soils, the Fredholm integral equation of second kind for the interaction between transversely isotropic saturated multi-layered soils and rectangular piles is established, the relevant numerical analysis is also carried out.

最后，基于横观各向同性层状饱和地基Biot固结问题的基本解答，建立了横观各向同性层状饱和地基与方形单桩、群桩共同作用问题的第二类Fredholm积分方程，并进行了数值分析与计算；通过将矩形刚性基础基底划分成若干个大小相等的矩形网格，用矩形均布荷载表示网格的基底反力，并利用已获得的横观各向同性层状饱和地基Biot固结问题的基本解来求解每个矩形网格的柔度系数，然后根据刚性基础与层状饱和地基的接触条件和其本身的静力平衡条件，求解分析了横观各向同性层状饱和地基与刚性矩形板的共同作用问题。

Based on this, a new WENO difference scheme which based on Dispersion-Relation-Preserving relation is developed, and representative test cases with this scheme for computational aeroacoustics problems has been implemented and compared in order to test capability of wave capturing; In addition, WENO schemes generally do not converge at high order in the presence of contact discontinuity of Euler equations, so a conservative front tracking technique coupling WENO schemes and Level Set method to simulate the translating density profile is presented here, and numerical simulation with this technique for representative test case has been implemented and results show the desired accuracy.

本文研究了高阶精度加权基本无振荡格式及其在双曲守恒律方程中的应用，在此基础上作了两个方面的工作：一是针对高频声波问题构造出一种基于保色散关系的WENO有限差分格式，并对计算气动声学问题的代表性算例进行了大量数值实验，比较了该格式捕捉波数的能力；另外，针对高阶WENO格式在处理Euler方程的接触间断时精度有所降低的问题，研究了利用界面追踪技术Level Set方法和高阶激波捕捉WENO格式相结合的一种守恒追踪方法，并且给出有代表性的密度滑移面问题的算例，得到一致高阶精度的数值模拟结果。

The method connects the exponentially attenuating dividable auto-correlation function which is often used in the study of the lubricating behaviors of rough surfaces, to the theoretical model for studying the contact behaviors of rough surfaces and it will be a foundation for studying the lubrication and failure problems of sliding frictional pairs with anisotropic surfaces.

第三章对Onions-Archard的理论接触模型进行扩展，给出了计算各向异性粗糙表面接触性能的简便方法，并将粗糙表面润滑效应研究中常用的表征粗糙表面的指数衰减可分自相关函数和粗糙表面接触性能研究的理论模型联系了起来，为研究混合润滑工况下各向异性粗糙表面摩擦副的润滑和失效问题提供了基础。

Incurrent research, aiming at the rupture problem engendered in the shooting process of acertain 5.56mm automatic rifle, the strain and stress distributions on the cartridge caseunder the action of axial pull have been analyzed. Based on the theories of elastic-plasticmechanics and contact mechanics, a mathematic and physical model of the cartridge-caseand chamber system has been set up; and based on the platform of the general softwarepackage APDL of ANSYS for finite element analysis, a parameterized model of thecartridge-case and chamber system has also been established. The method for nonlinearFEA has been adopted to analyze the stress distribution on the entire cartridge-case andchamber system, and the method of contact element has been employed to investigate thecontact stress between the cartridge case and chamber, and then the influences of frictioncoefficient and locking space on the static and dynamic stress and strain response of thecartridge case and chamber to the action of power gas have also been discussed. On thebasis of a lot of numerical tests, a kind of element Plane13, which is concentrated incoupled computation of heat and construction, has been used finally to simulate thetransient response of the cartridge-case and chamber system to the power gas. Throughloading the temporary thermal characteristics of explosive gas in the procedure of emulate, the corresponding transient thermal stress distributed on the entire system under thecombined load of transient thermal stress and transient pressure has been obtained. Owingto these comprehensive considerations, the numerical results obtained in this paperrepresent the actual situations comparatively exactly.

本文针对某5.56mm自动步枪在工作中出现断壳的问题，分析了弹壳在轴向拉力作用下的应力应变；基于弹塑性力学及接触理论，建立了弹壳弹膛系统的数学、物理学模型，在通用有限元ANSYS软件的参数化建模工具APDL平台上，建立了弹壳弹膛系统的参数化模型；采用非线性有限元法计算了弹壳弹膛系统的整体应力，引入接触单元法分析弹壳和弹膛的接触压力，探讨了在不同的摩擦系数和不同的闭锁间隙对弹壳弹膛静、动态响应的影响；本文进行了大量的尝试，最后确定采用热、结构耦合单元Plane13，在计算中加载了火药气体的温度历程，成功的获得了弹壳弹膛系统在瞬态的热载荷和瞬态的压力载荷同时作用下弹壳弹膛系统的热应力数值解，考虑因素全面，比较真实的反映了弹壳弹膛系统在火药气体压力和热载荷下作用的情况。

Results Of all the 1 279 consulters,63.6% had sexual behavior of high risk.The main risk factor was non-married sexual contact, of which 95.5% were taken between female and male,while 4.5% was between male and male .The rate of people testing voluntarily,men,women and female commercial severer was 81.7%,84.8%,71.0% and 69.9% respectively.80% consulters came in fear and the main questions asked were symptoms and signs of AIDS, characteristics of the incubation and the windows periods and the diagnosis and treatment of STD.

结果 1 279名求询者中，因有过高危性行为而咨询者占63.6%，主要危险因素以非婚性接触为主，其中95.5%为异性接触，4.5%为男男性接触；自愿接受检测者占求询者的81.7%，男性为84.8%，女性为71.0%，女性商业性服务者为69.9%。83%的求询者因有恐惧心理而前来咨询，咨询的主要问题有感染艾滋病的症状、表现、潜伏期、窗口期、性病的诊断和治疗。

In this way, we will discuss the problems confronted by the man during the urbanization and try to search for wisdom, eperience and concept from across the globe We hope the wisdom, eperience and concept could influence urban administration, planners and eperts in urbanology as well as the public isiting and paying attention to the Shanghai Epo We wish the thousands of millions of isitors could enhance their knowledge in world eposition, could see distinctie buildings, enjoy customs of different countries and eperience the latest technologies, and could hae their appetite and eyes satisfied We hope they could understand more profoundly that the world eposition is the Olympics of the technological, economic and cultural fields What's more important, we should make them know the problems facing the whole humankind ia eciting ehibitions, forums, eents and eperience in the Epo Shanghai Online and consider the reasons and solutions to the problems, so as to realize a better life This will arouse the awareness and thoughts of the public and thus bring changes to their behaiors This is where the significance of the Shanghai Epo lies

来探讨目前城市化过程中全人类面临的问题，并试图从全球范畴内寻找智慧、经验以及理念。我们盼望这些智慧、经验和理念能够影响的人群，不仅是城市治理者、计划师这些城市学范畴的专业人士，更应该是千百万前来参观世博会，关注世博会的普通人。我们愿望前来参观世博会、关注世博会的千百万普通公众，他们对于世博会的认识，除了在世博会里能看到奇特的建筑、领略各国的风情、体验最新的科技；除了在参观世博会中体验到好看、好吃、好玩；除了更深入地懂得世博会是&科技、经济、文化的奥林匹克&；还应该让参观者在世博会里，能够通过各种出色的展览、论坛、运动，以及体验网上世博会，接触到当前全人类共同面对的情形，我们现在碰到了怎样的问题？为什么会呈现这些问题？我们须要怎么做来解决这些问题，从而让我们的生活变得更美妙？这些问题可以引发公众的关注和思考，进而影响他们行动上的积极转变。这也是举行世博会的意义所在。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

As the memory of the memory slots in the ordinary point of contact is very thin wire, the conventional means of hard to play, brought a sweater with a crochet hook (the kind of hard又尖又), with the smallest end of the tip of the ordinary memory contact wire is a hook pressure is through the efforts of, the basic memory slot Goldfinger will wire into contact with it in the slot, and then the question of the film installed on the motherboard CPU, board and connection, plug the memory, boot "toot" out of the clear voice of the machine light and smooth access to Win98, the main board again,"induction" of the.

由于内存插槽中的内存金手指接触点金属丝很细，常规手段难以施展，找来勾毛衣用的钩针，用最细最尖的一端，对内存金手指接触丝又是压又是勾，经过努力，基本将插槽的内存金手指接触丝挤进了它所在缝隙中，然后将这片问题主板装上CPU、板卡和连线，插内存，开机，&嘟&的一声清脆的声音，机器点亮，顺利进入Win98，主板又重新&上岗&了。

As the memory of the memory slots in the ordinary point of contact is very thin wire, the conventional means of hard to play, brought a sweater with a crochet hook (the kind of hard又尖又), with the smallest end of the tip of the ordinary memory contact wire is a hook pressure is through the efforts of, the basic memory slot Goldfinger will wire into contact with it in the slot, and then the question of the film installed on the motherboard CPU, board and connection, plug the memory, boot "toot" out of the clear voice of the machine light and smoothly into the operating system, the computer again,"induction" of the.

由于内存插槽中的内存金手指接触点金属丝很细，常规手段难以施展，找来勾毛衣用的钩针，用最细最尖的一端，对内存金手指接触丝又是压又是勾，经过努力，基本将插槽的内存金手指接触丝挤进了它所在缝隙中，然后将这片问题主板装上CPU、板卡和连线，插内存，开机，&嘟&的一声清脆的声音，机器点亮，顺利进入了操作系统，电脑又重新&上岗&了。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。