接触表面

ABSTRACT In this paper, integrated with surface topography, asperity contact behaviour and fluid mechanics, the lubrication of real enginee...

本文结合实际工程表面的形貌特征、表面微凸体接触力学性质和润滑力学性质对粗糙表面的润滑及摩擦特性进行了系统的实验研究和理论分析。

ABSTRACT In this paper, integrated with surface topography, asperity contact behaviour and fluid mechanics, the lubrication of real engineering surfaces and their rubbing behaviour are described in experiment and theory.

本文结合实际工程表面的形貌特征、表面微凸体接触力学性质和润滑力学性质对粗糙表面的润滑及摩擦特性进行了系统的实验研究和理论分析。

In the analysis, firstly, the flux boundary condition is used to simulate the frictional heat resource between wheel and rail. The non-steady heat transfer between the contacting surfaces of the wheel/rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient were all taken into consideration. Therefore, a heat coupling model of the wheel/rail in rolling/sliding is put forward to calculate the frictional temperature rise in the wheel and rail. Secondly, after the temperature distribution of wheel/rail, due to friction, is calculated, substitute the thermal load with equivalent fictitious body force and boundary distributed force loaded on the nodes of the corresponding elements. The wheel-load is applied to the center of the wheel.

首先，用热流边界条件模拟轮轨接触界面的摩擦热源，考虑轮轨间的非稳态热传导、轮轨自由表面与环境的热对流、热辐射的影响，建立轮轨滚动接触热耦合有限元计算模型，分析计算轮轨滚、滑工况下的摩擦温升；其次，以求得的轮轨温度场结果作为求解轮轨应力场的已知条件，轮载以集中力形式直接加载于轮心处，将摩擦温升引起的热载荷等效为假想体力和热边界面力，施加于相应的单元节点上，建立了轮轨热—机械载荷耦合作用的热弹性平面应力模型，分析热—机械载荷作用下的轮轨应力场。

A new method relying on the Stroh formulism and the theory of the surface impedance tensor was developed to investigate the dynamic instability of interfacial slip waves.The concept of the surface impedance tensor was extended to the case where the wave speed is of a complex value,and the boundary conditions at the frictionally contacting interface were expressed by the surface impedance tensor.Then the boundary value problem was transformed to searching for zeroes of a complex polynomial in the unit circle...

基于Stroh公式和表面阻抗张量理论，提出了研究界面滑移波动态失稳问题的一种新的方法·该方法将表面阻抗张量概念推广到复波速域，并将摩擦接触界面上的边界条件以表面阻抗张量表示·最终将边值问题化归为求解一个复多项式在单位圆内的根·以弹性半空间与刚体平面相对稳态摩擦滑移为例进行了详细的分析，导出了一个4次复特征方程并讨论了方程在单位圆内解的特性，给出了滑移界面波失稳条件的显式解析表达式

By collecting images of fringes of equal chromatic order and comparing them,the influence of many factors on FECO and clearance calculation of surface forces apparatus,such as the distance between the object glass and the contact point,the grating constant of spectrometer,the angel between total reflection triple prism and the flat of inner beam path and so on,was analyzed.

通过采集图象进行对比分析的方法，讨论了表面力仪中物镜与接触点的距离、分光仪光栅常数、全反射三棱镜与单色仪光路光学平面夹角等因素对FECO条纹以及后续计算的影响，并介绍了表面力仪中计算表面间隙的两类主要方法。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

However,some of the faster nonimpact printers can produce multiple copies of the same report faster than the time it takes impact line printers to do a single run with mult-plypaper 2 But user should be careful about possible "head crash",which means the surface of the read/write head or particles on its surface come into come into contact with the disk surface,causing the loss of some or all of the data on the disk 3 Like music CDs,a CD-ROM is a read-only disk that the disk's content is recorded at the time of manufacture and cannot be written on or erased by the user.

应该是这样： 1然而，其中一些更快nonimpact打印机能产生多份副本，同时报告速度比所花费的时间影响线打印机做一个单一的运行与多plypaper 2 ，但用户应小心可能的"头部撞车"，这意味着表面上的读/写头或微粒表面，其生效接触到磁盘表面，从而导致丧失部分或全部的数据，就磁盘三喜欢音乐光碟，唯读光碟，是唯读磁盘磁盘的内容，是记录当时的制造和不能写上或擦除由用户。

A head crash happens when the surface of the read-write head or particles on its surface contact the magnetic disk surface.

当读写头的表面或表面上的微粒与磁盘表面接触时会发生磁头划伤。

In any case, this requires version decoronated placed a significant portion of skinpass at the time, but because the imaging procedure takes direct contact exposure modes, the whole process can accept different types of plate surface changes of different planeness, and these changes are on the surface of the bltumlnous by the production of traditional plates on the surface treatment of aluminum.

无论怎样，这需要版材在平放时相当的平整，但由于成像过程采用直接接触曝光方式，整个过程可以接受各种类型版材表面不同平整度的变化，而这些表面的平整度变化是由生产传统版材时对铝基表面处理而造成的。

One of the tubular elements (11, 12) comprises an unthreaded lip (38; 5) extending between its thread and its free end and having a sealing surface (40; 7) in sealed contact with the opposite surface (41; 8) of the other element after the first and second tubular elements have been screwed, have expanded and generated elastic return forces.

其中二个管形零件(11；12)包括一个延伸在它的螺纹部分和它的自由端之间并且具有一个密封表面(40；7)的无螺纹凸缘(38；5)，这个密封表面(40；7)在旋拧、直径膨胀以及然后产生第一和第二管形零件的弹性恢复力后与另一个零件的相对表面(41；8)密封接触。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。