接触的

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The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

The shapes of the melting solid surface may be concave, convex or plane, while the perimeter of plane contact regions may be rectangular, circular, elliptical, parabolic and arc curve. The types of relative motion reviewed here are the movement of a solid PCM melting inside a heated capsule, the movement of a hot body through a melting solid medium, slide contact and rolling contact. The contact melting may be caused by temperature difference, pressure difference, friction and viscous heating. Finally, the research regions in the future are summarized.

内容包括各种形式的接触熔化，可归纳为：在接触形状上可以有凹、凸与平的面，而接触的周长可以是矩形、圆形、椭圆形、抛物线形与弧形曲线；相对运动的类型有固体相变材料在加热容器内熔化，加热体通过熔化固体介质的运动，滑动接触与滚、转动接触；引起接触熔化的原因有温差、压力差、摩擦与粘性热。

The formulation for the contact force between two spheres and the stress and displacement which is caused because of the contact force is also derived. The calculation method of the contact of sphere and plane, sphere and tee is given .At the same time, the formulation for the force distribution of the contact surface is established on the discussion of two arbitary elastomer's contact.

第二章以《弹性力学》理论为基础，详细地介绍了接触单元理论，导出了两个球体之间的接触压力及由此引起的应力和变形，给出了球体与平面相接触、球体与球座相接触的计算方法，同时，对于两任意弹性体接触的讨论，得到了接触面上压力分布的公式。

Non-occluding teeth with a hypofunctional periodontium have a lower rate of bone remodeling, and are more susceptible to the injury in periodontal tissues caused by orthodontic force than normally occluding teeth, such as hyalinization or undermining bone resorption, even dentin resorption.

正畸治疗中，无咬合接触的牙周膜废用性萎缩牙较正常咬合接触牙对矫治力反应差，骨改建率低，易发生玻璃样变和潜掘性骨吸收，延缓牙移动，因此对无咬合接触牙的临床治疗中应采用轻力。

Access controls are concerned with limiting the following two types of access to assets and important records:(1) direct physical access and (2) indirect access through the preparation or processing of documents such as sales orders and disbursement vouches that authorize the use or disposition of the assets.

对接触的控制主要包括两种对资产和重要账簿接触的控制：(1)直接性接触，(2)通过编制和处理文件，如销售订单和授权使用或处理资产的支付凭单而达到的间接的接触。

The computation model of two-point contact (for cone-tread) and conformal contact (for worn-tread) resulting from wheel flange close to rail is firstly established in this paper. A detailed analysis is made of the wheel/rail contact force, contact status and wheel/rail stress distribution on the different action of tractive forces and transverse forces. We draw some important conclusions, one of which is that the locomotive adhesion performance will decrease with the increase of transverse forces between wheel and rail.

本文建立了车轮轮缘贴靠钢轨形成的轮轨两点接触和共形接触的计算模型，对不同的牵引力矩、不同的横向力作用下的轮轨接触力、接触状态和轮轨应力分布进行了详细的分析，得出了轮轨间横向力增大会降低机车粘着性能等一系列重要结论。

The results show that, for the elasto-plastic contact of tip-substrate approach and separation process, the material plastic yielding in the atomic level is still governed by the von Mises criterion. For the adhesion of flat-ended wedges, continuum mechanics can be still applied down to a few lattice constants within the contact region, and give reasonable results, apart from the discrepancies near the contact edges. Moreover, adhesion hysteresis occurs during unloading due to the atomic steps, where the unloading curve does not coincide with the loading one. This in turn supports the presumption proposed by Pollock for the adhesion of stepped spheres.

本文首先对针尖—基体模型的弹塑性接触机理进行了深入研究，指出在原子水平上材料的塑性屈服仍由Von Mises准则控制；对平底锥冲头粘着接触的模拟表明，除了在接触区边缘附近有一定差别外，接触力学方法在接触区内几个晶格常数范围内仍能给出令人满意的结果；由于原子台阶效应，加载与卸载曲线不重合，出现粘着滞后，证实了Pollock关于具有纳米阶梯结构的球体粘着滞后现象的推测。

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那些诞生在本原型模式者，将擅长于让进化和提升在其自身生命舞蹈、在所加入的群体及整个人类中出现。这一类型的人类可能会感到过于受局限而不能在同一个地方停留太长时间；就像过去的吉普赛人一样，他们会从一个地方流浪到另一个地方，让更大自由流入与他们所接触的一切人的生命舞蹈中。

The point contact condition can not only avoid the tooth edge contact, decreases the kinematical errors and vibro-acoustic due to axial misalignments, but also increases the bearing strength of the contact gears.

点接触的接触型态不仅能使齿轮组避免齿缘的接触及降低由轴向组装误差所引起的运动误差和振动噪音，更可增强齿轮的接触强度。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。