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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

On the other hand, Yang Lijuan'sfather not apprehensibility its daughter why return to Chi fan to this kind of extent, that is him can't comprehension mass media of function, he be a condition in ages, a level of education still a medium with daughter regardless contact of time and frequency top all mutually be apart from very far, so this body now"know ditch" ories of mass media.

一方面，杨丽娟的父亲不能理解其女儿为何回痴迷到这种程度，那是因为他无法理解大众媒介的作用，他与女儿无论是在时代条件、教育程度还是媒介接触的时间和频率上都相距甚远，因此这就体现了大众媒介的"知沟"理论。

Another approach in enhancing the light extraction efficiency of AlGaInP LED was accomplished using a surface roughening process. In this process, the Au(170 nm)/AuBe(260 nm)/Au(170 nm) ohmic contact layers were first deposited on the GaP window layer. After the alloy annealing process (480°C for 10 min), the Be atoms will diffuse into the GaP top layer and form non-uniform clusters. The LED samples were then immersed into a mixture 3H3PO4:1H2O2:1H2O solution for 6 min, resulting in a rough GaP surface. The luminous intensity of the AlGaInP LED can increase from 42 to 50 mcd, that is, an 18% enhancement can be achieved via the present non-photolithography surface roughening process.Keywords: LED, AlGaInP, Cu substrate, Reflector, Surface roughening

在实验的第二部份是开发磷化镓窗口层之粗化制程，我们是藉由正面金/铍欧姆接触电极之熔合制程，使铍扩散至磷化镓层，同时利用铍渗入磷化镓造成之特殊组成，可形成不均匀之蚀刻阻挡，而在磷化镓表面形成粗化，我们发现480℃、10分钟的熔合制程，加上浸泡磷化镓蚀刻溶液6分钟，可将四元发光二极体之发光亮度由42 mcd 提升到50 mcd，经由此无光罩粗化制程可将亮度提升18%，明显提升磷化铝铟镓发光二极体之外部量子效率。

Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the surface and the interface of the contacts.

实验结果表明在室温下InP中的In就可以扩散到接触的表面，退火后Au的价态升高，AuxIny合金中In的含量增加。

From browsing to authoring, HTML to advanced site design, we'll keep you in touch and informed.

浏览到创作，以先进的HTML设计网站，可以让你接触和了解。

When people are able to shop from their homes, do their banking without leaving the house, watch may movie they want on their television, as well as get any information they need, then there will not be as much contract between people.

如果将来人们不但在自己家里就可购物，不离开家就能办理银行的业务、就能在电视上看到人们想看的电影，还能得到人们想要的任何信息资料，到那时，人与人之间的接触的机会，就不会像现在影视样多了。

This new moon will bring lots of new people to your path, but also help you be in contact with plenty of present friends, too.

这个新的月球会带来新的，很多人到您的路径，而且还可以帮助您将与目前很多朋友，也接触。

Though this product can be transferred to another person by touch.

虽然这种产品可以转移到另一人的接触。

It means that though acne is kept in contact with benzoyl peroxide for the whole day, only small amounts of it are released onto the skin.

这意味着尽管痤疮是保持接触氧化苯甲酰了整整一天，只有一小部分是它释放到皮肤。

The oval face was lengthened, his smiling mouth had assumed the firm and marked lines which betoken resolution; his eyebrows were arched beneath a brow furrowed with thought; his eyes were full of melancholy, and from their depths occasionally sparkled gloomy fires of misanthropy and hatred; his complexion, so long kept from the sun, had now that pale color which produces, when the features are encircled with black hair, the aristocratic beauty of the man of the north; the profound learning he had acquired had besides diffused over his features a refined intellectual expression; and he had also acquired, being naturally of a goodly stature, that vigor which a frame possesses which has so long concentrated all its force within itself.

他那椭圆形的脸已拉长了，那张含笑的嘴出在已刻上了显示意志坚强而沉着的线条；那饱满的额头上出现了一条深思的皱纹；他的眼睛里充满了抑郁的神色，从中不时地闪现出愤泄嫉俗的仇和恨的光芒；他的脸色，因长期不和阳光接触，而变成了苍白色，配上他那黑色的头发，现出一种北欧人的那种贵族美；他学到的深奥的知识又使他脸上焕发出一种泰然自若的智慧之光：他的身材本来就很颀长，长年来体内又积蓄力量，所以显得更加身强体壮了。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！