接种后的

The steps for preparing insecticide include: first shaking flask for fermentation, adding amidon, soya bean cake powder, cotton cake powder, protease leather, yeast powder, maize milk, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, monobasic potassium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, calcium carbonate alpha-amylase and make-up water by ratio in culture medium with 100 unit volumes; secondarily filling 100ml culture mediums in triangular bottle, then seeding BTH-13 after disinfection and culturing them until the brood-cell pulls off under finite temperature; third adopting the selected culture medium and fermenting them in full-automatic fermentation tank, acidifying the fermentation liquor after the fermentation, adding the emulsifier, and directly performing spray-drying after the compression of the fermentation liquor to prepare the wettable powder.

制备杀虫剂的步骤是：首先是摇瓶发酵，在100单位体积的培养基中，按比例加入淀粉、豆饼粉、棉饼子粉、蛋白胨、酵母粉、玉米浆、七水硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾、碳酸钙、及α-淀粉酶，补充水；其次是在三角瓶中装100ml培养基，灭菌后接种BTH-13，在一定温度培养至芽孢脱落；第三是采用筛选出来的培养基，在全自动发酵罐中进行发酵，发酵结束后发酵液酸化，加入乳化剂，酵液浓缩后直接喷雾干燥制备可湿性粉剂。

Following 72 h co-culture, desquamate, sporozoites, trophozoites, meronts, microgametocytes, macrogametocytes, zygote, thin-wall oocyst, and thick-wall oocyst appeared orderly. Between the 60th and 72th hour, many oocysts emerged. Inoculated by the C. parvum -infected cell culture supernatant at the 48th hour, the immunosuppressed mice became infected.

在感染后72 h内，隐孢子虫出现连续发育阶段，包括脱囊、子孢子、裂殖子、裂殖体、滋养体、配子体、合子、薄壁卵囊和厚壁卵囊，在60～72 h内形成卵囊；用感染48 h的细胞培养上清接种于免疫抑制小鼠， 10 d后有隐孢子虫卵囊排出。

Every explant was pricked with a dissector at the center of one subregion before inoculated on MS+BA 1mg/L+NAA 4mg/L+2,4D 05mg/L medium and incubated in darkness for 7 days,then transfered to MS+BA 1mg/L medium.85% of the explants regenerated somatic embryos directly around the prick after 40 days.

每一叶片在1个亚区中心部位用解剖针刺伤1点后接种于MS＋BA1mg／L＋NAA4mg／L＋2，4D05mg／L＋蔗糖20g／L的培养基上，暗培养7d后，转接到MS＋BA1mg／L＋蔗糖20g／L的培养基上继续暗培养，40d后，85％的叶片在刺伤口周围发生直接类型体细胞胚胎。

Part Ⅱ Objective: To study the immunoprotective and the immunotherapic effects of the new nucleic acid vaccine of the hepatitis B: pVAX1-C3d-S2S; respectively in normal and HBV transgenic mice after being inoculated intra- muscularly with this Eukaryotic Expression Plasmid, such as the in situ production of the expressed protein in muscle tissue section and specific humoral immune response in normal mice、the variation of specific antigen、antibody and HBV DNA, especialy the changes of specific antigen in liver.

第二部分新型乙肝核酸疫苗pVAX1 C3d-S〓S免疫预防效应和治疗作用的研究目的：研究含有新型分子佐剂补体C3d的HBV adw血清型的乙肝核酸疫苗重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-C3d-S〓S接种正常BALB／c小鼠和HBV转基因小鼠后，其免疫预防作用（接种局部肌肉中特异性抗原蛋白的表达和所诱生的体液免疫应答规律）以及免疫治疗作用（血清中特异性抗原的表达、特异性抗体的产生、HBV DNA的消长和肝组织中抗原表达的变化）。

Limbal stem cells of rabbits can grow on the carrier of heterogenic corneal stroma stored with desiccation and dehydration method, and can form multi layer.

结果：在干燥脱水法保存的鸵鸟角膜基质上种植兔角膜缘干细胞，接种72h后，细胞形成单层，移置气液交界面后继续培养7～10d，逐渐形成复层。

To evaluate the efficacy of the recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine against the heterotype IBV, the chickens were challenged with the homotype IBV LX4 strain and the heterotype IBV LTJ95I strain after three weeks post vaccination. Antibodies against IBV were detected in vaccinated chickens one week post inoculation. The CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased rapidly in all groups challenged with IBV, except for the vaccinated group challenged by heterotype strain and the low level of CD4+ T-lymphocytes remained until end of the experiment. In all the groups, a high level of CD8+ T-lymphocytes only was observed in the vaccinated group after challenging with IBVhomotype strain. The morbidity and the mortality of this group were 21.43 % and 0 %, respectively, which showed significant difference with other groups. In addition, the lesions of chickens and virus shedding were less in the vaccinated group challenged by IBV homotype strain comparing with other groups, but there was no difference for the average body weight of chickens in all groups.

结果显示，重组疫苗接种1周后，免疫鸡产生抗IBV的抗体；而且外周血中CD4+和CD8+ T淋巴细胞的含量略高于非免疫对照组；攻毒后，异源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD4+ T淋巴细胞呈下降趋势，并且该组低水平CD4+的状态一直持续到试验结束，而其他组CD4+ T淋巴细胞均迅速上升，峰值达到14.5 %；同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD8+ T淋巴细胞呈高水平的表达，而其他组攻毒后均无明显变化；保护率结果显示，同源强毒株攻毒免疫组的发病率和死亡率为21.43 %和0 %，与其他各组相比均有显著差异；另外同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组病理损伤与异源强毒株攻毒的试验组相比明显减轻，其排毒时间和排毒量也均有所减少；强毒攻毒后所有试验组体重无显著差异。

There is still high incidence of hepatitis A in the developping country. The wide-spread use of HAV live attenuated vaccine and inactive vaccine has provided efficient ways for controlling the epidemic of heptatitis A. while, some people got hepatitis A after injecting vaccines. In order to distinguish the viral capsid could result from hepatitis A vaccines or from natural infection, the identification of the virus strains is necessary. In 1975, KO|¨hler and Milstein have developped hybridoma technique for producting monoclonal antibody.

甲型肝炎在发展中国家多年来都有不同程度的流行，甲肝减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的使用，为甲肝的预防提供了可靠的手段，但偶有在接种疫苗后发生甲型肝炎的案例，这就需要对患者所感染的病原体进行鉴别，以明确患者发病的原因是接种疫苗引发还是甲肝野毒株感染导致的偶合病例。1975年KOhler和Milstein建立了杂交瘤技术制备了单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody；McAb)。

Methods:Human CD80 cDNA was transfected into B16 melanoma cells by lipofectin-mediated gene transfer before the expansion of tumor cells were tested by MTT method in vitro;C57BL/6 mice were inculated subcutaneously either mock-transfected B16 cells (B16-neo)or CD80-transfected B16 cells (B16-CD80),then the latency,survival times and tumor mass growth were investigated.The lymphocytes were examined for both proliferation indices and specific cytotoxic activity by MTT method and improved LDH-releasing method,after syngenic Mixed Lymphocyte tumor cultures.

通过脂质体介导将CD80基因导入小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞后，利用SABC法检测CD80的表达；MTT法测定肿瘤细胞体外增殖能力；将肿瘤细胞接种至同源小鼠皮下后观察成瘤期、荷瘤小鼠存活期及肿瘤结节生长速度；在同源淋巴细胞肿瘤细胞混合培养后，通过测定淋巴细胞增殖指数和CTL杀伤活性检测肿瘤细胞的免疫原性。

Reduced benefits 减低受益 They concluded that in most cases using inadequate vaccines or those that are not 100% effective could mean that any benefits, such as saving lives, are eroded.

他们总结出，在大多数的情况下，不恰当的疫苗接种，而疫苗又不能100%的有效时，任何接种疫苗后所收到的益处，如：载救生命，将会被侵蚀破坏。

He results show that the virus regained infectivity, and the tannins did not direct viricidal effect. Tannins extracted from Polygonum perfoliatum or Archontophoenix alexandrae seeds showed strongly anti-TMV activities separately. TMV virions seems to be aggregated when TMV incubated with the tannins by electron microscope. It seems that TMV coat protein bind to the tannins based on PAGE. Tannins did not reduce infectivity when applied either before or after TMV inoculation. It is proposed that tannins extracted from the 11 species inhibited TMV by binding with TMV coat protein to interfere with recognition site essential for viral coat protein. Tannins extracted from Euphorbia hirta, P. perfoliatum, P. cuspidatum reduce infectivity when applied immediately in N.

MV分别与这11种植物单宁混合后，通过透析除去单宁后，可恢复大部分侵染力，表明单宁对病毒粒体并无直接毒害作用；TMV与杠板归和假槟榔种子中提取的单宁分别混合后，电镜下观察粒体呈现明显的聚集现象；TMV外壳蛋白分别与这两种植物单宁混合后，聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中CP泳带滞后；单宁在病毒接种前施用未降低TMV对叶片的侵染能力；这些结果表明植物单宁对TMV抑制作用可能是单宁与TMV-CP结合影响病毒对叶片侵染位点的识别而降低TMV侵染性，而这种结合是可逆的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。