掌子

The usual technique for tunnel ing through hard rock is to drill holes in the face of the heading.

在坚硬的岩石中挖掘隧道通常用的技术是在掌子面上打洞，然后在洞里填满炸药。

By training and check up of the stylebook, it' s satisfying to predict the rock masses classification in front of the tunnel face.

通过对样本库的训练检验，对掌子面前方围岩类别预报取得了满意的效果。

By training and check up of the stylebook, its satisfying to predict the rock masses classification in front of the tunnel face.

通过对样本库的训练检验，对掌子面前方围岩类别预报取得了满意的效果。

According to the threedimensional coordinates of any point on the working face measured by total station, CASIO measurement program can exactly work out the overbreak and underbreak volume of any point on the working face.

采用普通全站仪，可以测得隧道掌子面上任意点的三维坐标，然后通过手持CASIO计算器测量程序计算，即可精确算得此点相对该里程设计断面的超欠挖值。

2Combined with dense-constructed area of Shiqiaotou tunnel, a series of factors that lead to ground deformation and affect the stability of ground buildings are systematically analyzed.These factors include overbreak in shallow tunnel, reserved deformation and soil squeezing.By calculation and analysis of ground deformation of other sections,a division of settlement controling grade is made.

2以石桥头隧道地表变形重点控制地段为例，对浅埋隧道超挖、预留变形量、掌子面土体挤出等地层损失诱发的地表变形及其对地面建筑稳定性的影响进行了系统地计算和分析；通过地表变形的计算分析，对隧道不同地段的地表变形控制等级进行了划分。

The leading seismic predication for tunnels is to predict by some means or methods the locations, characters and scales of unfavorable geological bodies or their boundaries in underground engineering construction and so to previde reliable basis for countermeasures to guarantee safe, quick and continous construction.

隧道施工地质超前预报是在地下工程施工过程中，采用一些方法或手段预测掌子面前方一定范围内存在的不良地质体或地质界面的位置、性质和规模，为安全、快捷、持续施工采取防范措施提供可靠的依据。

Because of the uncertainty of the geologic information in the front of tunnel driving face, there are many geological disasters, such as landslide, gushing water, sudden mud, rock burst etc, in the tunnel excavating process, which cause the enormous economic losses and even casualties.

中文摘要：在隧道工程的开挖过程中，由于掌子面前方地质条件的模糊性，往往会伴随着塌方、突水突泥、岩爆等地质灾害的发生，造成大量的经济损失甚至人员伤亡。

It can predict the long-distance geological conditions tunnel driving face: such as soft rock, the geological fault zone and tectonic belt. In general, it can accurately and effectively predict the range of 100 ~ 150m in front of the tunnel driving face, while in the hard rock can be as long as 200m. It can provide detailed geological information for the tunnel construction, and ensure the safety and quality of tunnel construction.

它能长距离的预报隧道施工掌子面前方的地质情况：如软弱岩层、断层构造带以及不良地质地带，在一般的岩层中可以准确预报的有效范围为100～150m，在坚硬岩层中可高达200m，能为隧道工程的施工提供详细的地质资料，保障隧道施工的安全和质量。

By this method the location of strata can be forecasted through three boreholes not in a plane.

超前冲击钻钻探是岩石隧道中一种轻便、快捷、成本较低的直接地质预报方法，通过钻进数据可以判断掌子面前方地层的状况，降低地质事故的发生率。

Pit face and wall mapping.

矿坑掌子面和墙面的填图。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。