损害

This essay will point to the problem existing in the system of compensational liability for loss of life or personal injury at sea and present my own point of view on the perfection of application of Chinese law to compensational liability of loss of life or personal injury at sea, doctrine of liability fixation, scope of liability and limitation of liability.

论文的第一章主要是对海上人身伤亡损害的基本法律理论问题的研究，首先对海上人身伤亡损害进行了定义，即在海上或与海相通的可航水域，在海上运输或者其他海上作业、港口作业等过程中由于自然灾害或者人为因素造成船员、旅客和其他人员的生命健康权的损害而导致伤亡的后果。然后研究了我国关于海上人身伤亡损害赔偿的法律现状及相关法律法规存在的问题。

The writer deems that this issue should be envisaged, the impairment compensation responsibility of connubial tort and the impairment compensation responsibility of divorcements should be clarified, and further deal well with the concurrence issue of entreatment rights; ascertain the sort of impairment compensation of connubial tort, and grasp the applying condition, thereby build the connubial impairment compensation system which being adapt-able to our country's state situation.

笔者认为，应正视这一问题，厘清婚内侵权损害赔偿责任与离婚损害赔偿责任，处理好请求权的竞合问题；明确婚内侵权损害赔偿行为的类型，把握适用条件，从而构建适合我国国情的婚内损害赔偿制度。

Under the modern ideas of Family law, the matrimonial system went away from the Coverture scheme and the principle of family immunities was discharged. As a result, the system of damages for divorce gradually separated from the scheme of domestic torts, and evolved the connotation from damages of torts to damages for divorce caused by statutory wrong, and the function dividing property to remedying interests.

随着夫妻一体主义向夫妻别体主义发展，夫妻侵权豁免原则被废除，该制度也在现代法理念之下，逐渐从婚姻侵权损害赔偿中独立出来，经历了从离因损害到离婚损害，从财产分割功能到损害填补功能的演变。

In the case of multiple activities, when it is certain that none of them has caused the entire damage or any determinable part thereof, those that are likely to have contributed to the damage are presumed to have caused equal shares thereof.

在有多个行为，能够确定其中没有一个行为引起全部损害或任何可确定部分的损害的情况下，则那些可能引起损害的行为应被推定为引起了相同比例的损害。

The hemispheres of the brain display clear functional differences. Language and speech, brief duration stimuli, and detailed information are processed in the left hemisphere in most individuals. The right hemisphere appears to process information in a more holistic fashion, preferring spatial and tonal information. Lesions to Wernicke's area in the dominant hemisphere result in a receptive language deficit with relatively intact speech fluency, whereas damage to Broca's area results in loss of speech fluency. Damage to the arcuate fasciculus connecting these two regions will result in conduction aphasia, and damage to all of these regions will produce global deficit .

大脑的两个半球显示清楚的功能上差异，在多数个体中的左半球负责著语言以及言谈简短期间的刺激及细节般的资料处理，右半球则明显地在一种较多全体论的潮流去处理资讯，较优於空间及音乐的资讯，在显性半球魏尼凯区域的损害导致於语言接收的不足，随著相对完整的流利言谈，虽然布洛卡区域的损害会引发言谈流利的丧失，有关於这两个区域对弓状的肌束的损害将导致失语症，同时对这区域的所有损害也将产生球体的不足。

Under section 201, domestic industries seriously injured or threatened with serious injury by increased imports may petition the usitc for import relief. the usitc determines whether an article is being imported in such increased quantities that it is a substantial cause of serious injury, or threat thereof, to the u.s. industry producing an article like or directly competitive with the imported article.

根据201条款，受到进口增加导致的严重损害或严重损害威胁的国内产业可以向usitc申请进口救济。usitc裁定一件商品是否以实质上造成美国国内生产同类产品或直接竞争产品的产业严重损害或严重损害威胁的程度进口。

The chapter gives analysis on the concept of mental damage and the concept, internal construction, function and characteristic of mental damage compensation. The author thinks that mental damage means mental pain or mental benefit incurrence which illegal behavior inflicts on civil subjects, the essence of mental damage is the demage to metal legal interest in civil subjects,civil rights and other civil legal rights; Mental damage compensation means legal liability in the form of property because illegal behavior inflicts mental pain or mental benefit incurrence on civil subjects.

第一章：精神损害赔偿涵义及功能的分析与认识本章分别就精神损害的内涵和精神损害赔偿的涵义、内在结构及功能、特征作了分析，笔者主张精神损害的内涵实质，就是对民事主体民事权利和其他合法民事权益中精神法益的损害，其最终表现形式或者说结果是精神痛苦和精神利益的丧失或减损。

The injurer notonly injures the body, health and life of the injured, butalso hurts the spirits of the injured by conducting theinjury intentionally or negligently.The spiritual compensationfor personal injury should apply fault liability principle andappropriately limited principle.

人身损害的精神赔偿应当适用过错责任原则和适当限制原则；适用对象应当是在人身损害中依法享有精神损害赔偿请求权利的直接受害人和间接受害人；精神损害赔偿金的标准，可以依据经鉴定的伤残等级，确定一个限额幅范围；赔偿金以多次支付为原则，有条件的一次性支付为例外。

We and the officers, directors, employees, shareholders, or agents of any kind, exclude all liability and responsibility for any amount or kind of loss or damage that may result to you or a third party including without limitation any direct, indirect, punitive or consequential loss or damages, or any loss of income, profits, goodwill, data, contracts, use of money, or loss or damages arising from or connected in any way to business interruption, and whether in tort (including without limitation negligence, contract or otherwise in connection with the Site in any way or in connection with the use, inability to use or the results of use of the Site, any Web sites linked to the Site, or the material on such Web sties, including, but not limited to, loss or damage due to viruses that may infect your computer equipment, software, data, or other property on account of your access to, use of, or browsing the Site or your downloading of any material from the Site or any Web sites linked to the Site.

我们和管理层、董事、雇员、股东以及任何性质的代理不承担因使用本网站、不能使用本网站、使用本网站的结果、本网站的任何链接网站、或者该等链接网站上的材料导致您或第三方任何数量或形式的损失或损害（包括但不限于任何直接、间接、惩罚性、结果性的损失或损害，或者任何收入、利润、商誉、数据库、合同、货币使用的损失，或者因任何形式的业务中断导致的损失或损害，无论属于民事侵权行为、合同之债或是其他形式））的全部责任和义务，该等损失和损害包括但不限于因您访问、使用或者浏览本网站或者您从本网站或本网站的任何链接网站上下载任何材料而导致病毒入侵您的计算机设备、软件、数据或者其他财产所带来的损失或损害。

The text tries to make a general analysis on the system. When studying the controversial issues about the essence of the claim of right, the applied conditions and other questions in enforcement, we consider the system as a special protect method for special groups in Law of domestic relations.

笔者针对理论界关注的离婚损害赔偿请求权性质、离婚损害赔偿构成、以及实施中的有关问题进行了讨论，认为离婚损害赔偿应被视为亲属法上规定的特殊的损害赔偿，是立法出于公平原则，加强对弱者保护，维护受损害方权益的制度。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。