损失的

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

In Ajit Jain, we have by far the best manager in this business.

值得注意的是，近年来愿意接受再保业务的供给量大幅增加，再保业者总共募集了近 50 亿美元的资金来进军这类业务，且大部分都是新成立的公司，很自然的这些新进的业者急欲承接业务以证明当初他们吸收资金时所作的预估，这些新加入的竞争并不会影响我们 1994 年的营运，因为我们早已经接满了生意，主要是在 1993 年签下的，不过我们已经看到保费价格有恶化的趋势，如果这种情况持续下去，我们将会大幅降低承接的业务量，但随时准备好接下大型且复杂的保险业者所欲寻找确定能够理赔损失的保证。

These figures show that in 1976, for example, the West German mark, with the best record, had lost 35 percent of its purchasing power over the preceding ten years; that the Swiss franc had lost 40 percent, the American dollar 43 percent, the French franc 50 percent, the Japanese yen 57 percent, the Swedish krone 47 percent, the Italian lira 56 percent, and the British pound 61 percent.

该调查显示，截止1976年的最近十年内，表现最好的西德马克，购买力损失35%；瑞士法郎损失40%，美元损失43%，法国法郎损失50%，日元损失57%，瑞典克朗损失47%，意大利里拉损失56%，而英镑则损失了61%。

The third aspect: we consider comparison of Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimator and ordinary least squares estimator of in the multivariate normal linear model Y ~ N{XB, V, where the design matrix A' need not have full rank and the dispersion matrix V can be singular.

使用的损失函数有二次损失函数、嫡损失函数和对称损失函数。论文基于以下三个准则：二次损失风险准则、嫡损失风险准则和对称损失风险准则，将MINQUE和LSE进行比较。

Secondly, the quality loss model of the quality control, quality problem tracing back and the quality improvement is constructed, which minimizes the quality loss in quality control system. The quality loss model combined with Duncan model and Taguchi quality loss model is studied, the control parameters such as the upper control limit and the lower control limit are computed for the quality control in manufacturing. The Taguchi quality loss model is improved with the fuzzy theory, and the validity of the quality loss model is validated by the instance of the principal axis quality control.

2构建了产品质量控制、质量问题追踪和质量改进的质量损失模型，使质量控制系统运行过程中质量损失最小；研究了由Duncan模型和田口质量损失模型相结合的质量损失分析模型，为过程质量控制提供了上下控制限等参数，利用模糊理论对田口质量损失模型进行了改进，并通过主轴质量控制实例验证了质量控制损失模型的有效性。

For ease of analyzing therelation of competition and social risks,the treatise proposes the two pairs of newconcepts;self-incurred loss and nonself-incurred loss in competition and compensableloss and non-compensable loss in competition.It maintains that the self-incurred lossand compensable loss in competition will generally lead to no social risks and,onlywhen the loss is nonself-incurred or non-compensable in nature,it will lead to socialrisks.

为了便于分析竞争与社会风险的关系，本文提出了"竞争的自致性损失与竞争的非自致性损失"、"竞争的有补偿损失与竞争的无补偿损失"这两对新概念，认为竞争自致性损失、有补偿损失一般不会产生社会风险，只有当竞争损失是非自致性损失或无补偿损失时，才会产生社会风险。

I can see the cerulean blue of the skiesOr the indigo of the nightI can see the stars wink, the grin of the moonDuring the changes of it's monthly face**I am in awe**I see the sun on it's annual trekAlternately awakening the life in the earthAnd then fading away to allow it to sleepUntil the next spring**I am told the Universe is "out there"Beyond those stars, moon and sun,Yet the power of what I can seeIs a fathoming beyond my comprehension**I am in awe**"Out there" no time, no seasons passNo sense of age, hatred or loss existOnly the infinity0f the Universe**What IS "out there"?

我可以看到青蓝色的skiesor靛蓝的nighti可以看到星星眨眼睛，透镜的月球的变化，它的每月面对**，我感到敬畏**我看见太阳它的年度trekalternately唤醒生活中的土石方然后渐渐消失让它sleepuntil明春**告诉我宇宙是&有&以外的星星，月亮和太阳，但权力有什么我可以塞伊斯一揣，我难以理解**我**敬畏&，有&无时间，没有季节passno时代感仇恨或损失的existonlyinfinity0f宇宙**什么是&有&？

D models are the most widely spread in the world of turbo-machinery for its simplicity, but they are indeed purely empirical correlations which not only fail to provide detailed information inside one or more components, but also require significant effort to recreate themselves if engine operating conditions or component representations change; quasi 3-D models have been the workhorses for compressor and turbine design for many years, and the primary benefit of using quasi 3-D system models is to facilitate the design and detail analysis of a particular component across the range of possible boundary conditions; Full 3-D models are gradually replacing quasi 3-D ones by virtue of requiring no exit flow angle model and loss model and being capable of predicting secondary flow in cascade.

零维模型由于使用时简单易行，因此在涡轮发动机的仿真中得到广泛应用，但零维模型作为纯粹的经验关系式无法反映部件内部的流动细节，并且一旦部件有少许改动则新特性的建立耗费巨大；准三维模型由于能够详细地提供部件内部的流动情况，方便设计而成为涡轮和压气机设计的主要工具；全三维数学模型正逐步取代准三维模型在涡轮设计中的主导作用，同后者相比前者能够预测叶轮机械内的二次流动，在粘性流计算时不需要气流角和损失的经验公式，因此拥有巨大的发展前景。

"In general, the restructuring program will certainly take into account the interests of shareholders of shares outstanding issues, such as the injection of assets given an appropriate level of earnings ratio, more or less guarantee of the outstanding shares of the market value of the shareholders before the suspension can Maintain,"who has been in charge of a listed company's bankruptcy restructuring investment bank said," However, this will certainly need to bring out the systemic risk of loss, for example, we calculate the flow of the market value held by shareholders, will be before the suspension The market point decline from now on the basis of a calculation."

&在一般情况下，重组计划一定会考虑到股份股东的利益，如资产注入悬而未决的问题，给予的市盈率，或多或少的流通股保证适当水平股东的市场价值停牌前能够保持，&谁在上市公司破产重组投资银行负责有人说，&但是，这当然需要带出损失的系统性风险，例如，我们计算由股东占有的市场价值流，将停牌前的市场，即由现在的计算下降。&

It is recognized as a very serious matter, as regards the sin of those who do it no less than the loss of those who suffer it, that in several parts of the world the governors and officials of cities, and others too who are seen to have power, often impose on churches so many burdens and oppress them with such heavy and frequent impositions, that under them the priesthood seems to be in a worse condition than it was under Pharaoh, who had no knowledge of the divine law.

它是公认的一个非常严重的问题，至於单人谁这样做不低於损失的那些谁遭受证明了这一点，在世界一些地区的省长和官员的城市，和其他人也都看到谁有权力，往往强加给教会这麼多的负担和压迫他们这种沉重和频繁的强制，根据他们铎似乎是在一个糟糕的条件下比法老，谁不知道神圣的法律。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了