损失

The following points are emphasized:The operation models of adiabatic and diabatic distillation have been set up and the operation block, thermodynamics model and mathematical model in the simulation have been determined as well;(2)Based on the simulation and exergy analysis with Aspen Plus program, shortcut distillation design—DSTWU model and rigorous distillation design—RADFRAC model, the author has determined the heat duty, exergy losses and the distribution of exergy losses along the adiabatic column, which will help the simulation and optimization of the diabatic distillation;(3)Diabatic distillation under various operation conditions has been simulated by using energy balance method and exergy analysis;(4)How the different mixture and the various degree of separation, number of trays and feed location influence exergy saving in diabatic distillation have also been discussed;(5)On the basis of the total exergy losses along the column, different schema of the heat transfer distribution along the column have been compared and analyzed;they can be classified in three categories: heat duty equipartition approach, empirical approach, separation degree matching approach. In conclusion, different heat transfer distribution along the column will have effect on total exergy losses. In particular, most satisfactory results have been obtained by using separation degree matching approach. In order to diminish the exergy losses, heat transfer distribution should meet the needs of the request of separation degree.And on this premise, the author makes his suggestion in increasing the proportion of heat supplied to the tray with minimum exergy losses and decreasing the proportion of heat supplied to the tray with the maximum exergy losses.

本文对透热精馏过程进行了模拟并对其节能效果的影响因素做了较为全面的分析和深入的研究，主要研究内容如下：(1)建立了常规精馏和透热精馏过程的模拟操作模块、热力学模型以及数学模型；(2)利用化工模拟软件Aspen Plus并分别采用DSTWU简捷模型和RADFRAC严格计算模型对常规精馏进行模拟计算和有效能分析，确定常规精馏塔的公用工程热负荷、有效能损失及有效能损失在塔内的分布，为透热精馏的模拟和优化提供数据参考；(3)对不同物系在不同分离度条件下进行透热精馏的模拟，分别采用能量衡算法和有效能分析法进行计算和分析；(4)探讨了各种因素如物系的选择、不同分离度、塔板数、进料位置对透热精馏节能效果的影响；(5)以全塔总有效能损失为比较基准，对热量在塔内的三种分布方案即热负荷平均分配法、经验法和分离度匹配法进行了对比分析并得出结论：塔内热量的不同分布方案对于全塔总有效能损失会产生影响，其中以分离度匹配法的节能效果最为理想，为减少有效能的损失，应使塔内的热量分布满足各塔板的分离度要求，并在此前提下，尽量减小有效能损失大的塔板的热负荷和增加有效能损失小的塔板的热负荷。

This paper discusses the defect of quadratic loss function and studies the models of inverted Normal and inverted Gamma loss function.

本文讨论了二次损失函数模型的局限，在此基础上研究了逆正态、逆伽玛损失函数模型；探讨了质量损失函数与信噪比的关系，提出了基于信噪比的多元质量损失函数模型，克服了单质量属性不能反映实际中多维质量属性的质量损失的弊端，实例证明该方法是可行的。

These figures show that in 1976, for example, the West German mark, with the best record, had lost 35 percent of its purchasing power over the preceding ten years; that the Swiss franc had lost 40 percent, the American dollar 43 percent, the French franc 50 percent, the Japanese yen 57 percent, the Swedish krone 47 percent, the Italian lira 56 percent, and the British pound 61 percent.

该调查显示，截止1976年的最近十年内，表现最好的西德马克，购买力损失35%；瑞士法郎损失40%，美元损失43%，法国法郎损失50%，日元损失57%，瑞典克朗损失47%，意大利里拉损失56%，而英镑则损失了61%。

The third aspect: we consider comparison of Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimator and ordinary least squares estimator of in the multivariate normal linear model Y ~ N{XB, V, where the design matrix A' need not have full rank and the dispersion matrix V can be singular.

使用的损失函数有二次损失函数、嫡损失函数和对称损失函数。论文基于以下三个准则：二次损失风险准则、嫡损失风险准则和对称损失风险准则，将MINQUE和LSE进行比较。

Secondly, the quality loss model of the quality control, quality problem tracing back and the quality improvement is constructed, which minimizes the quality loss in quality control system. The quality loss model combined with Duncan model and Taguchi quality loss model is studied, the control parameters such as the upper control limit and the lower control limit are computed for the quality control in manufacturing. The Taguchi quality loss model is improved with the fuzzy theory, and the validity of the quality loss model is validated by the instance of the principal axis quality control.

2构建了产品质量控制、质量问题追踪和质量改进的质量损失模型，使质量控制系统运行过程中质量损失最小；研究了由Duncan模型和田口质量损失模型相结合的质量损失分析模型，为过程质量控制提供了上下控制限等参数，利用模糊理论对田口质量损失模型进行了改进，并通过主轴质量控制实例验证了质量控制损失模型的有效性。

Bindings worn, some corners showing cardboard at tips, hinges rubbed, most hinges starting to crack at top and bottom, 3 upper hinges cracked along half the length but covers still holding, some spines slightly chipped at top or bottom, title label missing on Volume I, label slightly chipped on 3 volumes, inscription to all pastedowns, occasional light staining and light soiling mainly to margins and chiefly in Volume I, some ink splashed on fore-edges of Volume II, just showing at edge of title page, small piece torn from fore-edge of 1 page in Volume I with loss of about 3 words on recto and verso, small closed tear to margin in Volume III, 2 in Volume IV, 1 just entering text, all neatly repaired with no loss of text, small piece missing from 1 corner in Volume V, no loss of text, title page of Volume VII slightly browned and with small piece missing from fore-edge margin, small hole in 1 text page with loss of a few letters, all still easily legible, map of the world has several repairs to reverse, no loss of image, plus several misfolds, lightly browned along 1 vertical fold, some calculations in old ink on reverse of 1 map, tiny hole in 1 map with very slight loss, a small brown stain to 1 plate, 3 tiny holes in lower margin of 1 plate.

条件绑定破旧，在一些弯道显示提示纸板，摩擦铰链，铰链最开始打击在顶部和底部，3上铰链沿长度的一半，但其涵盖破获仍然持有，有些刺略有顶部或底部缺口，标题标签上卷失踪一，标签上稍微切3卷，所有pastedowns题词，偶尔光染色和轻弄脏主要是利润率和主要余卷，一些墨水溅到突出，第二卷的边缘，就显示在标题页的边缘，小件撕裂的前奏，1页边卷约3对直肠和Verso的损失我的话，小封闭撕裂，在第三卷，第四卷2，1只输入文本，所有整齐，没有文字的损失修复保证金，从一小块角落的第五卷，没有文字的损失，卷扉页七略变黄，并从一小块突出失踪的边缘利润，在1文字页小孔与几个字母损失失踪，所有仍然很容易辨认，在世界地图上有几个维修扭转，没有形象的损失，再加上一些变异，轻轻沿1垂直倍褐变，在对1地图，地图上，在一洞非常小的损失，改变旧墨水一些计算小褐变1盘，3小孔低1板块边缘。

The first part is the sum of expected losses of market risk, credit risk and operating risk. The risk of losses in the part should be prevented by reserve for bad debts accrued by commercial banks. The second part is the sum of contingent losses of market risk, credit risk and operating risk at certain confidence level, and the risk of losses in the part should be prevented by capital at risk. The third part is the sum of losses of market risk, credit risk and operating risk that beyond certain confidence level, and the risk of losses in the part should be prevented by deposit insurance system.

第一部分是市场风险、信用风险和操作风险的期望损失之和，该部分损失的风险用商业银行自身提取的损失准备金来防范；第二部分是市场风险、信用风险和操作风险在一定置信水平下的意外损失之和，该部分损失的风险用商业银行自身的风险资本来防范；第三部分是市场风险、信用风险和操作风险超出一定置信水平外的损失之和，该部分损失的风险用存款保险制度来防范。

For ease of analyzing therelation of competition and social risks,the treatise proposes the two pairs of newconcepts;self-incurred loss and nonself-incurred loss in competition and compensableloss and non-compensable loss in competition.It maintains that the self-incurred lossand compensable loss in competition will generally lead to no social risks and,onlywhen the loss is nonself-incurred or non-compensable in nature,it will lead to socialrisks.

为了便于分析竞争与社会风险的关系，本文提出了"竞争的自致性损失与竞争的非自致性损失"、"竞争的有补偿损失与竞争的无补偿损失"这两对新概念，认为竞争自致性损失、有补偿损失一般不会产生社会风险，只有当竞争损失是非自致性损失或无补偿损失时，才会产生社会风险。

Based on the newly proposed nomograph, patients both with obstructed and unobstructed cases can be diagnosed accurately. Also, those patients with weak detrusor, where the bladder can not provide enough power to micturate regularly, can also be identified with this new nomograph, which again can not be diagnosed with the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram.

根据我们计算和实验的结果，我们得知在没有阻塞的尿道流场内，摩擦损失是影响压力损失最主要的因素；而在轻微阻塞的尿道流场内，磨差损失及阻塞段几何外型改变，面积改变的能量损失都影响很大；而在较为严重的阻塞情况下，阻塞段的外型，最小截面积等影响能量损失甚为巨大，另外我们根据计算的结果发展出一个无因次参数图，我们选用了Reynolds number和来做参数，结果发现这样不仅可以把阻塞和未阻塞的病例分清，甚至能判断逼尿肌无力等症状。

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According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。