捕食

In this paper, a non-autonomous predator-prey system with two commensal predators and one prey is studied.

研究了非自治的捕食者－食饵模型。该系统是两个具有互惠关系的捕食者种群捕食一个食饵种群。

A predator model with refuge and toxicity is studied. By constructing a suitable Dulac function, it is shown that there is no limit cycle in the first quadrant, thus the globally stability of the equilibrium is proved. Further more, the paper analyzes the influence of refuge, toxicity and harvesting. It is amazing that ① if the death rate of predator is big or the harvesting effort is big, the existence of the predator is unrelated with refuge; if the death rate of predator and the harvesting effort are small, and the refuge is small enough, the population of both species is increased as the increase of refuge;② if d2=0, the increase of d1 has no influence on the prey population, while the population of predator is decreased.

研究一类有避难所、毒素作用和外界捕获影响的捕食系统，通过构造恰当的Dulac函数，证明系统在第一象限没有极限环，从而证明了平衡点的全局稳定性；分析了避难所、毒素、捕获作用对该系统最终种群数量的影响，发现：①当捕食者的死亡率大或其被捕获得多时，两种群的绝灭与避难所的存在无关；当捕食者的死亡率小、被捕获得多且避难所足够小时，随着食饵避难所的增加，捕食者种群数量也随之增加；②当毒素d2=0时，毒素d1的增加对食饵种群最终数量没有影响，而使捕食者种群数量下降。

First, in Chapter 3, a two-dimensional interacting birth-death process is established and by means of two-dimensional moment generating function, the equivalence in mean between our model and the classic prey-predator model are proved.

这部分包括第三，四章。在第三章，我们建立了一类新的随机捕食-被捕食模型，并证明了新模型在平均意义上与经典的捕食-被捕食模型的等价性，讨论了其灭绝性，平衡态分布等。

Lepidopterainsectsincluded11families,morethan 30 species of moths,such as Noctuidae(relative number percentage of Lepidopterainsects36.6%),Sphingidae(24.1%),Geometridae(13.4%)and Limacodidae(9.5%). Thelength of forewings ranged from 5—40mm(99.5%) and 60—65mm(0.5%). The result ofPearson correlation analysis showed that foraging of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum might beselective, not random. 2. Foraging tactics mostly included two ways: aerial hawking during the period of thepeak of insects activity and flycatching during the insects' non-peak activity period.

马铁菊头蝠所捕食的鳞翅目昆虫包括 11 科 30余种蛾，主要以夜蛾科Noctuidae(占所捕食的鳞翅目昆虫的数量百分比为36.6%)、天蛾科Sphingidae(24.1%)、尺蛾科Geometridae(13.4%)和刺蛾科Limacodidae(9.5%)为主，捕食的鳞翅目昆虫前翅翅长介于 5—40mm(数量百分比为 99.5%)之间和 60—65mm 之间(0.5%) Pearson 相关分析表明马铁菊头蝠在捕食过程中不是随机捕食，而。

The predacious organs of the strain are annulus and cohesive nets and the hypha which is different from the vegetative mycelium. In the cytosol there are many electro-densities which are about circular particles in different size and array on the marginal area of the hypha cell of the predacious organs, this is the important character of the fungus.

菌株的捕食器为菌环和菌网，形成捕食器的菌丝细胞结构不同于一般的营养菌丝，胞质中含有许多电子密集体，呈大小不等的黑色类圆形颗粒状，多数排列在捕食器菌丝细胞的边缘区域，这是捕食线虫性真菌捕食器菌丝细胞的一个重要特征。

The contents of valine and leucine of the nematode are obvious higher than that of others in different kinds of amino acid of the nematode. The analysis of irritant factors playing a important role on the production of predacious organs showed that live nematode larva or its lytic solution can cause the production of predacious organs of the strain A1, but the latter produced less than the former .The live larva of the third stage produced more predacious organs than one of the first and the second stage , so the number of predacious organs that are produced by the live larva of first and the second the stage are less than the live larva of the third stage .

刺激捕食器产生的因素在线虫体来说：活的线虫幼虫和其裂解液可以刺激捕食线虫性真菌—少孢节丛孢菌菌株产生捕食线虫性结构——捕食器；但后者刺激产生的捕食器数量较少；有活力的第三期幼虫与第一、二期幼虫相比较，可以刺激菌株产生较多的捕食器；但少孢节丛孢菌对第一、二期幼虫作用速度快；与第三期幼虫相比，第一、二期幼虫易被捕获致死。

The assay of the coarse protein , a variety of amino acid about nematode-trapping fungus — Arthrobotrys oligospora strain A1 and the third stage larva showed that the contents of the coarse protein and a variety of amino acid of larva are mostly higher than that of predacious organs containing annulus and cohesive net ,conidia and hypha in the different growth phases.

捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌菌株及线虫第三期幼虫的粗蛋白质和各种氨基酸种类及其含量化学成份测定结果表明：捕食线虫性真菌—少孢节丛孢菌的各生长阶段和线虫幼虫的粗蛋白质和氨基酸的种类和含量比较显示：线虫幼虫的粗蛋白质和各种氨基酸的含量大多数都高于少孢节丛孢菌捕食器、分生孢子、和菌丝的含量；结果还说明：捕食器菌丝的化学组成也与普通菌丝不一样。

In Section 2.1, we construct a predator-prey system with stage structure on predator and impulsive per-turbations on prey,the predating products is used to increase the predators constitution.

在本章第一节中，构建了一个捕食者具阶段结构与食饵具脉冲扰动的时滞捕食-食饵系统，其中捕食者捕食食饵是为了增强体质。

In Section 2.2,we present a delay predator-prey system with stage structure on predator and impulsive perturbations on prey,the predating products is used to increase the predators ability of birth.

在本章第二节中，我们又构建了一个捕食者具阶段结构与食饵具脉冲扰动的捕食系统，其中捕食者捕食食饵是为了增强生育能力。

At a certain range, habitat loss and its spatial structure can benefit the control of the epidemic disease, which indicates the possibility of using human disturbance in habitat as a potential epidemic-control method in conservation.(6) Not only the quantity of habitat loss but also the spatial correlations of patch types caused by nonrandom habitat loss affect the invasion and transmission of disease. More fragmented landscape (high amount of habitat loss, low clustering of lost patches) hinders the parasitic infection, which also indicates that whether the spatial heterogeneity benefits or hinders the invasion is dependent on the considered ecological process.(7) Two components of the spatial heterogeneity (the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat) form a trade-off in determining the host-parasite dynamics.(8) Within a certain range of habitat loss, host can counterbalance the positive and negative effects, and shows a rising tendency.(9) The epidemic is more likely to break out in the prey-predator system if only a small amount of habitat loss.(10) A highly aggregated distribution of species is a common behavioral strategy when dealing with habitat loss or other environmental stresses.(11) The parasite-host/prey-predator eco-epidemiological systems have the similar mechanism with the intraguild predation systems, and the predator acts as the intraguild predation, the infected prey acts as intraguild prey, and the susceptible prey acts as shared resource.(12) Species at the highest trophic level are no longer affected the most by habitat loss, which depend not only on the biological mechanism but also on the external environmental disturbances.

随着邻体数目的增加，病毒的感染力度变得更大而且在空间上形成聚集的波形；(5)生境破坏及其空间结构在一定范围内有利于疾病的控制，这暗示人为对生境的干扰可作为疾病控制的一个潜在方法；(6)生境破坏的数量以及不同类型生境的空间分布格局都显著地影响了寄生病毒的入侵和传播，生境破碎化程度越高(高丧失斑块的数量或低聚集程度)，将越有害于病毒的入侵和传播，这暗示了空间异质性是否有益于物种的入侵依赖于所考虑的生态过程；(7)由生境破坏引起的空间异质性的两个组分之间存在负偶联关系trade-off(8在适度的生境破坏范围内，宿主种群能够平衡生境破坏带来的正负两种效应并呈现增长趋势；(9)在捕食-食饵系统中，寄生感染病毒极有可能在生境破坏量较低时爆发；(10)物种在面临生境破坏或者其它环境压力时表现出更高的聚集分布策略；(11)寄生-宿主/食饵-捕食生态传染病系统与共位捕食食物网结构具有相似的生物机制，其中捕食者扮演共位捕食者的角色，已感染食饵作为共位食饵，易感染食饵扮作共同消耗的资源；(12)位于最高营养级水平的种群对生境破坏的响应不一定是最敏感的，这不仅依赖于内在的生物机制同时也依赖于外在的环境干扰。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失