捐税

These were completely unknown to gentile society.

捐税是以前的氏族社会完全没有的。

Even in the so-called halcyon days of Chiang Kai-shek's regime, from 1929 to 1933, there were, according to official investigations, 188 different kinds of taxes to which the Chinese peasantry had to submit.

即使在蒋介石政权的所谓黄金时代，即一九二九年至一九三三年期间，据官方材料，中国农民必须交纳的五花八门的捐税，也有一百八十八种之多。

American abolitionist and suffragist who refused to pay taxes on her family's farm because she, not having the right to vote, was not represented politically.

福斯特，阿维盖尔凯利1810－1887美国废奴主义者和主张扩大妇女参政权者。由于没有*权而不享有政治代表权，她拒绝支付她家农场的捐税

American abolitionist and suffragist who refused to pay taxes on herfamily's farm because she, not having the right to vote, was notrepresented politically.

福斯特，阿维盖尔凯利1810－1887美国废奴主义者和主张扩大妇女参政权者。由于没有选举权而不享有政治代表权，她拒绝支付她家农场的捐税

NONE American abolitionist and suffragist who refused to pay taxes on her family's farm because she, not having the right to vote, was not represented politically.

福斯特，阿维盖尔·凯利：(1810-1887)美国废奴主义者和主张扩大妇女参政权者。由于没有选举权而不享有政治代表权，她拒绝支付她家农场的捐税

The requirements of Medieval England tenants' resistances concerned about the status of tenants, rents, tallage and so on, all those related to tenants' self rights. In this sense, the history of tenants' resistance was a history of the development of tenants' rights.

中世纪英格兰佃农抗争的要求涉及佃农的身份、地租捐税等方面，这都关系到佃农的自身权利，因此，一定意义上讲，佃农抗争的历史就是佃农权利成长的历史。

For the third part, give a general illustration on the main contents of the collecting of Chuan- Han Road Rental Stocks mainly from the four aspects as follows: analysis of Chuan-Han Road Rental Stocks and stocks in other provinces, analysis of Chuan-Han Road Rental Stocks and some other kinds of stocks in Sichuan provinces, analysis of Chuan-Han Road Rental Stocks in different parts of Sichuan, and analysis of Chuan-Han Road Rental Stocks and other tallage in Sichuan province.

第三部分，主要从川路租股与他省租股的分析、川省租股与川省其他类型股款的分析、川省不同地方租股的分析、川省租股与川省其他捐税的分析四个方面对川路租股征收的主要内容作一简单的论述。

There are four characters that can be found in this process. Firstly, it is a struggle within the political system. In other words, tenants admit the hierarchical rights of ruling class, but reject excess exploit. Secondly, the resistance has various ways, and law is a frequent resort too. Thirdly, collective resistance comes to be the most common form, wealthy peasants always act as organizers and leaders. Fourthly, tenants' resistance processes exhibits obvious different theme of demands in all phrases. Before mid and latter of 14 century, most requirements aim to reject duty beyond custom; while after, mainly to strive for cutting down the rents and tallage.

再次，文章分析了英格兰佃农抗争的四个特点，一是体制内的抗争，即佃农接受统治阶级的等级权利，反抗过度剥削；二是抗争方式多法并举，以法律手段为主；三是集体抗争逐渐成为抗争的主要组织形式，富裕佃农是抗争活动的组织者和领导者；四是抗争历程有着鲜明的时代主题，即以14世纪中后期为界，之前以抵抗领主超出惯例规定的要求为主，之后以争取减免地租捐税为主。

Humbly show unto our Sovereign Lord the King, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons in Parliament assembles, that whereas it is declared and enacted by a statute made in the time of the reign of King Edward I, commonly called Stratutum de Tellagio non Concedendo, that no tallage or aid shall be laid or levied by the king or his heirs in this realm, without the good will and assent of the archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, knights, burgesses, and other the freemen of the commonalty of this realm; and by authority of parliament holden in the five-and-twentieth year of the reign of King Edward III, it is declared and enacted, that from thenceforth no person should be compelled to make any loans to the king against his will, because such loans were against reason and the franchise of the land; and by other laws of this realm it is provided, that none should be charged by any charge or imposition called a benevolence, nor by such like charge; by which statute:（efore mentioned, and other the good laws and statutes of this realm, your :（cts have inherited this freedom, that they should not be compelled to contribute to any tax, tallage, aid, or other like charge not set by common consent, in parliament.

，谦卑的呈给本次国会集会的我们世间的王，贵族院，以及众院，鉴于爱德华一世（1239 – 1307）国王统治期间制定的一部条令——通常称为"Stratutum de Tellagio non Concedendo"——所宣称和颁布的：若没有善意和王国内大主教，主教，厄尔，巴仁，骑士，自由民，以及平民中其他的自由民的同意，我们王国内的国王或者国王的继承人不得摊派或征收租税和援助；又爱德华三世（1312 – 1377）统治的第二十五年通过国会所拥有的权力所宣称和颁布的：自此，不得强迫任何人违背他的意愿借贷与国王，因为这样的借贷违背了理性和世上的权利；以及依据我们王国内提供的其它法律，不得以一种被称作捐税的索取征收任何东西，亦不得通过诸如此类的索取；依据以上提到的法律，以及其它王国内的善法和条令，你的臣民已经继承了这种自由，即他们不应当被强迫提供任何税款，租税，援助，或者其它没有国会共同同意的类似索取。

Chongqing medicinal materials trade association modified guild regulations and corrupt customs, advocated to reduce tax and ameliorate national medicine and prepared to fond factories of national medicine. Some people of insight and social associations advanced to improve planting of medicinal materials, develop pharmacy industry and fond drug research organizations. However, the measures were mostly not brought into effect because of various reasons.

重庆药材业同业公会改革行规陋习，提倡减免捐税和改进国医，建议筹设国药制造厂；一些有识之士或社会团体则提出了改良药材种植法、发展制药工业、成立药物研究机构的对策，但由于多方面的原因，大都未能付诸实施。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。