振子

In chapter 2, the basic conception of optical oscillator strength , generalized oscillator strength , and differential cross section , the experimental methods for measuring OOS and GOS are described briefly.

在第二章中，介绍了光学振子强度、广义振子强度和微分散射截面的基本概念，并对光学振子强度和广义振子强度实验方法作了总结，定性说明了仪器角分辨对于微分散射截面测量的影响。

What is remarkable about this new experiment is not just the clarity of the observation of the spinon and holon, which confirms some earlier studies, but that the spinon and holon are seen well beyond the region that Duncan Haldane originally conjectured.

这一新的实验值得人注意的地方，不仅是清晰的观察自旋振子和子整体振子，还证实了一些早期的研究，但自旋振子和子整体振子明显的远远超出了邓肯霍尔丹最初的推测。

The influences of longitudinal phonon and transverse phonon on the softening and broadening in the magnon linewidth are compared, and the influences of the parameters are also illustrated.

比较了纵向声子与横向声子对磁振子谱的软化与磁振子谱线增宽的影响，也讨论了各项参数，以及温度的变化对磁振子谱的软化与磁振子谱线增宽的影响。

By using Matsubara Green function theory, we have studied the magonon spectrum, and calculated the magnon dispersion curve on the Aline in the Brillouin Zone for different parameters and transformation of temperature in the system.

利用格林函数方法研究了磁振子-声子相互作用下的三角绝缘铁磁体的磁振子谱，计算了布里渊区的A线上的磁振子色散曲线。

By using Matsubara Green function theory, we have studied the magonon spectrum and calculated the magnon dispersion curve on the △ line in the Brillouin Zone for different parameters in the system.

利用格林函数方法研究了磁振子－声子相互作用下的二维绝缘铁磁体的磁振子谱，计算了布里渊区的△线上的磁振子色散曲线。

In this topic, the dynamic analysis methods for piezoelectric vibrator are studied systematically based on the theoretical model, FEM numerical experimentation and FEM governing equation for given compound-mode vibrator, and some valuable conclusions are obtained. The main work accomplished is summarized as follows: 1.Elaborate the main modeling methods for piezoelectric vibrator and the significance and necessity to study the dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric vibrator which emphasize the urgency of this paper. 2.Take the bending deformation induced by piezoelectric ceramic as example, the energy transfer mechanism of electric energy to mechanical energy are analyzed; the motion and force transfer mechanism are analyzed for the longitudinal-bending vibrator. 3.Based on mode assumption and Hamilton principle, the coupling model of piezoelectric vibrator of linear USM is built; moreover, the equivalent circuit model is obtained and a coupling equation represents the relation between electric parameters and mechanical parameters is derived which provides foundation to match the vibrator and driving circuit. 4.Combine the constitutive equation of piezoelectric ceramic with elastic-dynamical equation, geometric equation in force field and the Maxwell equation in electric field and the corresponding boundary condition equation, the FEM control equation for piezoelectric vibrator of USM to solve dynamic electro-mechanical coupling field is established by employing the principle of virtual displacement. The equation lays the foundation to study the non-linear constitutive equation of piezoelectric ceramic driven by high-power. 5.Define the dynamic indexes of characteristic of vibrator and carry out variable parameters simulation by calculating the model parameters and the electric characteristics of vibrator are simulated according to the equivalent circuit model. By numerical experimentation, the working mode of vibration of vibrator and the shock excitation results of the working frequency band which provides the mode frequency to realize bimodal are analyzed. Detailed calculation of the electro-mechanical coupling field parameters is made by programming the FEM control equation.

本课题从理论模型、有限元数值试验、有限元控制模型等方面以复合振动模式振子为例对超声电机压电振子的动力学特性及其分析方法进行了全面系统地研究，得出了许多有价值的结论，主要概括如下： 1、阐述了目前针对超声电机压电振子的主要建模方法，对压电振子动态特性的研究意义和必要性进行了论述，突出了本文研究内容的迫切性； 2、以压电陶瓷诱发弹性体发生弯曲变形为例，分析了压电陶瓷通过诱发应变来实现机电能量转换的机理；对基于纵弯模式的压电振子的运动及动力传递机理进行了分析； 3、基于模态假定，利用分析动力学的Hamilton原理，建立了面向直线超声电机压电振子的机电耦合动力学模型，并据此建立了压电振子的等效电路模型，导出了电参量与动力学特性参量的耦合方程，为压电振子与驱动电路的匹配提供了依据； 4、从压电陶瓷的本构方程出发，综合力场的弹性动力学方程、几何方程、电场的麦克斯韦方程以及相应的边界条件方程，采用虚位移原理，建立了压电振子动态问题机电耦合场求解的有限元控制方程，为研究其大功率驱动下的非线性本构模型奠定了基础； 5、界定压电振子的动力学特性指标，对压电振子的机电耦合动力学模型参数进行计算及变参数仿真；依据等效电路模型，对压电振子的电学特性进行了仿真分析；通过有限元数值实验，对压电振子工作模态附近的模态振型及工作频率附近的频段进行了激振效果分析，找出了实现模态简并的激振频率；利用有限元控制方程，通过编程计算，对压电振子的力电耦合场参数进行了详细计算，得出了一些有价值的结论。

The just working frequency was obtained by calculation. By transient dynamics analysis applying piezoelectric coupling theory, the transient dynamics properties have been discussed. The analysis result provided a design reference on this kind of valveless piezoelectric pumps that use Cymbal actuators.

通过模态分析得到了Cymbal振子的前5阶固有频率和振型，选出其中最符合工作要求的频率和振型；通过瞬态分析，结合压电耦合分析，得到了振子在方波电压作用下的瞬态动力学特性。

Experimental results showed that a better test of the oscillator Harmonic Oscillator cycle and the quality is proportional to the square with, and spring stiffness coefficient is inversely proportional to the square root of the spring up within the limits of flexibility and oscillator unrelated to the amplitude, Guide and the tilting reading irrelevant; the amplitude does not exceed the elastic limit of spring, the rail mill Sassafras of small conditions, oscillator is a very good harmonic vibration model.

实验结果发现，较好的验证了弹簧振子的简谐振动周期与振子的质量的平方跟成正比，与弹簧的劲度系数的平方根成反比，在不超过弹簧的弹性限度内与振子的振幅无关，与导轨的倾斜读无关；在振幅不超过弹簧的弹性限度、导轨上的磨檫力很小的条件下，弹簧振子是一个很好的简谐振动模型。

Experimental results showed that a better test of the oscillator Harmonic Oscillator cycle and the quality is proportional to the square with, and spring stiffness coefficient is inversely proportional to the square root of the spring up within the limits of flexibility and oscillator unrelated to the amplitude, Guide and the tilting reading irrelevant; the amplitude does not exceed the elastic limit of spring, the rail mill Sassafras of small conditions, oscillator is a very good harmonic vibration model.

实验结果发现，较好的验证了弹簧振子的简谐振动周期与振子的质量的平方跟成正比，与弹簧的劲度系数的平方根成反比，在不超过弹簧的弹性限度内与振子的振幅无关，与导轨的倾斜读无关；在振幅不超过弹簧的弹性限度、导轨上的磨檫力很小的条件下，弹簧振子是1个很好的简谐振动模型。

In chapter 2 and 3, experimentally, using the Angular-Resolved high-resolution fast Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer , at the condition of 2. 5 keV incident energy and 50-60 meV energy resolution, we measured the Optical Oscillator Strength Density Spectra for the excitations of 4p, 4s or 3d electron. The oscillator strengths for excitations of the valent shell 4p electron were obtained, and comparisons were done between presently experimental and previously experimental and theoretical results. The experimental results of different groups agree with each other approximately, but the semi-experientially theoretical results do not match with the experimental results. The delayed maximum in the photoabsorption spectra was discussed. It should arise from the transition of 4p→∈d. For the excitation of the inner-valent 4s electron, the discrepancies for the resonant structures in previous electron-impact results and photoionization results were clarified in present work, which confirms again that the fast electron impact method is suitable to measure the optical oscillator strengths. The autoionization Rydberg series 4s〓ns (n=5, 6, 7) and 4s〓nd (n=4, 5, 6, 7) were identified without ambiguity by the measurement at 0°, 2° and 4°scattering angles. The energy levels and natural widths of the excitations of Kr3d and Ar2p inner shell, including optically allowed and forbidden transitions, were determined. The widths of these inner shell excitations are nearly the same, which was interpreted by the Resonant Auger effect .

在第二章和第三章，实验上，使用角分辨的高能量分辨快电子能量损失谱仪，在2.5keV电子入射能量和50-60meV能量分辨下，测量了Kr原子由价壳层4p到内价壳层4s，再到内壳层3d电子激发的光学振子强度密度谱；得到了价壳层4p电子激发束缚态的光学振子强度，与前人实验和半经验理论结果作了细致的比较，说明几家实验是比较符合的，但半经验的理论计算存在问题；分析了光吸收谱中的延迟极大现象，说明在第一电离阈值以上几个eV范围内的极大值源于4p→εd跃迁产生的延迟极大；对于内价壳层4s激发的自电离区，澄清了前人实验中电子碰撞方法和光学方法在共振结构上存在差异的问题，再一次肯定了快电子碰撞方法是获得绝对光学振子强度的一种好方法；通过在非0°散射角的测量（如2°和4°），清楚地标识了4s电子激发的光学禁戒跃迁自电离里德堡系列4s〓ns（n=5，6，7）和4s〓nd（n=4，5，6，7）；通过在0°和4°散射角的测量，观测并标识了几个新的内壳层光学禁戒跃迁能级，得到了Kr原子3d和Ar原子2p内壳层激发态（包括光学允许和禁戒跃迁形成的）的能级位置和自然宽度，用共振俄歇效应解释了这些内壳层激发态（不管是光学允许还是禁戒跃迁产生的）的自然宽度彼此比较接近的原因。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了