指数化

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

Firstly,by using the estimating methodfor the compact embedding operators(from weighted Sobolev space to the weighted〓space),we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the discreteness of thespectrum of certain differential operators.Secondly,based on the property of thespectrum of difinitizable operators on the Krein space,we consider the left definitedifferential equations with middle deficiency indices,and give a completecharacterization for self-adjoint(J-self-adjoint)differential operators in theindefinite inner product space 〓.Especially,we prove that all the J-self-adjoint differential operators are definitizable.

我们首先运用加权Sobolev空间到加权〓空间嵌入算子紧性的判别方法，证明一类加权自伴微分算子具有离散谱的充要条件；然后，基于Krein空间上可定化算子谱的性质，对于具中间亏指数的左定型微分方程，建立其相应的微分算式在不定度规空间〓上所生成自伴算子的完备性刻画（特别证明了J-自伴微分算子具有可定化性）。

When it comes to the local prediction of chaotic time series, owing to the fact that the fixed embedding dimension、the number of the nearest neighbours and regularization parameters can cause the added prediction error,we give the adaptive local linear method and discuss the adaptive selection method of regularization parameters, the advantage of which is tested by the Henon map and Lorenz system simulated data and the integrated index in stock market of Shanghai, to show its practicable value.

通过Henon映射和Lorenz系统的仿真和上海证券市场综合指数的实证分析，说明了基于正则化回归的自适应局部线性化方法能减小预测误差、提高计算精度。

The results showed that grassland and farmland were the main land use types of research area with obvious reciprocal transformation. Grassland was mainly transferred to farmland in 1975-1990. Farmland was chiefly converted to grassland, and grassland tended to increase in 1990-2004. The landscape diversity in the study area rose with the contagion index decreasing and fragmentation degree being intensified during 1975-2000. The advantageous patches maintained good connectivity with the increasing patch cohesion index and the decreasing landscape fragmentation during 2000-2004. The change of human interference intensity played an important role on the variation of land use structure. Land use intensity was mainly affected by the changes in population as well as national land use policies. In the following 20 years, the agriculture land area would tend to decrease, the grassland and unused land area would have a slight reduction by contrasting the increasing the forest land area notably.

结果表明，近30 a来，草地和农业用地面积在该研究区占居主导地位，并且它们之间发生着明显的相互转化。1975－1990年，草地主要向农业用地转移，1990－2004年农业用地主要转化为草地，草地面积增加；1975－2000年，研究区景观多样性升高，蔓延度指数下降，破碎化程度加剧；2000－2004年景观内优势斑块具有了很好的连接性，聚集度增大，整体景观格局破碎化程度降低；人为干扰强度的变化对土地利用结构的变化具有重要作用，土地利用强度主要受人口数量以及国家土地利用政策的影响；在未来20 a间农业用地面积会继续减小，草地、未利用土地面积将有小幅度降低，林地面积会显著增加。

Tsushima et al.(5), noted that the iodinated contrast agents used for computed tomography have pharmacokinetics similar to inulin and hypothesized that it could be used as a physiologic measure of renal indices, including clearance per unit renal volume and fractional vascular volume.

Tsushima等发现CT检查时碘化对比剂的药物代谢动力学与菊粉相似，于是假设碘化对比剂可用于测定肾脏指数包括单位肾容积清除率和血管容积分数。

Tsushima et al.(5), noted that the iodinated contrast agents used for computed tomography hae pharmacokinetics similar to inulin and hypothesized that it could be used as a physiologic measure of renal indices, including clearance per unit renal olume and fractional ascular olume.

Tsushima等发现CT检查时碘化对比剂的药物代谢动力学与菊粉相似，于是假设碘化对比剂可用于测定肾脏指数包括单位肾容积清除率和血管容积分数。

Results: The positive detection ratio of IHC and nested PCR were 64.2% and 81.1%, respectively. It was showed that the positive detection ratio of nested PCR was significantly higher than that of IHC (P.01). The nested PCR assay had advantages over IHC on sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

结果：免疫组化检测和巢式PCR检测的阳性检出率分别为64.2%和81.1%，巢式PCR技术检测肾癌组织支原体在灵敏度、特异度、约登指数、阳性预测值和阴性预测值方面均优于免疫组化技术。

A multi-distance measurements method is employed in this paper. A single parameter fitting method and a double parameters (reduced scattering coefficient and amplitude factor) fitting method on the basis of the least square Newton fitting algorithm is used to derive the optical parameters respectively. For the finite-thickness homogenous tissue, it can be concluded that the rest terms in expressions of diffusion reflectance and transmittance for the corresponding tissue geometries that subtract the exponential term contained source-detector distance depend on the detected position weakly.

在多程测量的基础上，使用单参数最小二乘牛顿法拟合方法和双参数（约化散射系数、幅度因子）最小二乘牛顿法拟合方法，得到有限厚均匀组织的反射率分布和透射率分布公式中除去包含测量位置的指数项的其它部分对测量位置皆具有弱依赖性的结论，并对拟合结果进行了分析讨论；而对于有限厚平板状双层组织，可根据对反射测量结果及透射测量结果进行拟合所得的约化散射系数间的差异及常数因子的正负判断双层组织的可能结构分布。

Compared with extruded full fat soy bean, the oil of SPFFSB was more stable during storage.

结果表明同膨化工艺相比，热处理大豆的贮藏稳定性好于膨化大豆，KOH氮溶指数和脲酶活性均达到饲用要求。

The high temperature metallurgical properties of several burdens for Anyang steel were investigated. The results showed that RIof high basicity sinters was better than others, but the RDI(low temperature reduction degradation index) of it was the highest; the RDI and molten dripping property of pellets and lump ores were well, so we can get rational burden structure by combining sinters for blast furnace.

系统分析了安钢炼铁生产中几种常用炉料的高温冶金性能，结果表明，安钢自产高碱度烧结矿具有较好的还原性，但其低温还原粉化率却是最高的；酸性球团矿及块矿则有着较好的低温还原粉化指数及良好的熔滴性能，能够与高碱度烧结矿搭配形成合理的综合炉料结构，满足高炉冶炼要求。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。