指数

These above problems, which are very important and valuable in agricultural crops area monitoring, are currently less researched. Hence, in this paper, seven types of common texture and five vegetation indices were respectively added into TM multispectral bands to classify using three different methods, which are Minimum Distance, Maximum Likelihood and Support Vector Machine, and analyze the effect on winter wheat identification accuracy by comparing the classification results. The contexture include Mean, Variance, Homogeneity, Contrast, Dissimilarity, Entropy, Variance, Angular Second Moment and Correlation, and the vegetation indices are RVI, SAVI, RDVI, NDWI and SLAVI.

为此，该文将平均值、方差、均一性、反差、相异性、熵、角二阶矩、灰度相关7种纹理信息以及比值植被指数、土壤调整植被指数、重归一化植被指数、植被液态水含量指数、有效叶面积植被指数5种植被指数信息分别加入到TM多光谱数据中，同时还进行了最佳波段选择，利用最小距离、最大似然和支持向量机3种方法进行分类提取小麦，研究了不同特征信息对小麦测量精度的影响。

The metrics include patch density, largest patch index, edge density, area-weighted shape index distribution, area- weighted fractal index distribution, mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance dlstributlon,standard deviation of Euclidean nearest neighbor distance distribution, coefficients of variation of Euclidean nearest neighbor distance distribution, contagion, interspersion and juxtaposition index, cohesion, Shannon's diversity index and Simpson's diversity index.

根据生态区划计算描述中国陆地景观结构的13种景观结构指数，包括斑块密度、最大斑块指数、边界密度、面积加权斑块形状指数、面积加权斑块分维度、平均最近斑块距离、最近斑块距离的标准差、最近斑块距离的相异系数、蔓延度、分布邻接指数、结合度、香农多样性指数、辛普森多样性指数。

Across the altitudinal gradient, a total of 12635 individuals belonging to 6 phyla, 15 classes and 33 orders were collected. With increasing altitude, the density of soil fauna decreased, but the group number was less affected. There was a higher co-occurrence of soil faunal communities along the altitudinal gradient, and Nematoda, Acarina, and Collembola were the dominant groups. Below the altitude 370 m, the Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, and Margalef abundance index increased with increasing altitude; while above the altitude 370 m, the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index decreased but the abundance index increased after an initial slight decrease.

结果表明：土壤动物密度随海拔升高而下降，类群数受海拔影响较小，各海拔群落的共有度较高，优势类群基本均为线虫、蜱螨目和弹尾目；Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数及Margalef丰富度指数仅在海拔370 m以下随海拔升高而增加，而在海拔370 m以上，Shannon-Wiener指数与Pielou均匀度指数下降，丰富度指数在略有下降后再次上升。

Based on the shortest path matrix of 20 cities, we have quantitatively evaluated the highway network development level of the region by the accessibility index, extension index, conglomeration index, and etc. The result shows that in the space structure the highway network development level is a "core-margin" model. The cities with higher accessibility indexes gather around Zhengzhou City, while those with lower ones distribute in the margin. The order among conglomeration index is accordant to that of accessibility index.

以通达指数、伸展指数、趋中指数等为衡量指标，以20个入网城市的最短路径矩阵为基础，对中原城市群区域高速公路网络的发育程度进行定量评价，结果显示：中原城市群高速公路网络在空间格局上呈现明显的"核心－外围"模式，通达指数最高的城市集中在中心城市郑州周围，较低的城市分布在外围地区，且趋中指数排序与通达指数排序相吻合。

Major results were summarized as follows:(1) A total of 58 tree species from 53 genera in 36 families among which 8 species were Rosaceae, 5 species were Liliaceae, 5 species were Eriaceae, 3 species were Ranunculaceae, 3 species were Compositae, 2 species were Cupressaceae, 2 species were Caprifoliaceae, 2 species were Umblliferae, and other 28 tree species were only one receptively. These were recorded in the 8 plots of the A. georgei var. smithii forest;(2) Number of families, genera, species and Margalef index correlated negatively with altitude (P.05), with a peak at 3600 m.(3) Shannon-Wiener index correlated negatively with altitude (P.01), and maintained stable at the altitudes between 3700~4100 m, evenness with altitudes, however, this trend was insignificant.(4) Jaccard index increased sharply with increasing altitude at the altitudes between 3600~4100 m, and was lower between different vegetation types at the altitudes between 4100~4200. Cody index β(subscript c decreased with an increasing altitude, but there were 2 troughs between 4000~4100 m and 4200~4300 m.(5) Maximum tree height H(subscript max and HH(subscript max=37 mcorrelated negatively with altitude (P.05); but basal area and BA BA(subscript max=5.3m^2 correlated with altitudes, however, this trend was insignificant.

结果表明：(1)在调查的8个急尖长苞冷杉林样地内共有植物58种，分属于36科53属，其中植物较多的科有蔷薇科8种、百合科5种、杜鹃花科5种、毛茛科3种、菊科3种、柏科2种、忍冬科2种、伞形科2种，其余的28科各只有1个种；(2)物种科、属、种数、Margalef指数D(下标 M与海拔存在显著的负相关性(P.05)，在分布急尖长苞冷杉最低海拔3600m处出现物种丰富度的最大值；(3)多样性指数与海拔之间有极显著的负相关性(P.01)，并且在3700~4100m之间多样性指数保持稳定；均匀度指数与海拔梯度之间存在负相关性，但不显著；(4)Jaccard指数C(下标 j在海拔3600~4100m随海拔的升高而升高，在生境过渡带的4100~4200m之间Jaccard指数C(下标 j较低；Cody指数β(下标 c随海拔的升高呈下降的趋势，但在4000~4100m和4200~4300m 海拔区间出现2个低谷；(5)最大树高H(下标 max和最大胸径DBH(下标 max与海拔之间存在显著负相关性(P.05)；胸高断面积之和和立木密度与海拔之间存在负相关性，但不显著。

We selected two different scale parameters, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index, on the basis of the radiative transfer models PROSPECT and SAIL, respectively, for sensitivity study of a set of indices. We aimed to improve the linearity between the indices for chlorophyll content and leaf area index on the basis of combinations of different wave bands.

为了寻找合适的波段位置以改善植被指数与叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数的线性关系，去除饱和区域，进而提高这2个参数的实际估算精度，该文选取了叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数，以辐射传输模型PROSPECT和SAIL为基础，模拟了这2个参数变化对3类高光谱植被指数（归一化植被指数、优化的简单比值指数和优化的叶绿素吸收率指数）的影响。

However, a number of vegetation indices are not linearly related to biochemical components, so these indices may not be appropriate for other vegetative areas. We selected two different scale parameters, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index, on the basis of the radiative transfer models PROSPECT and SAIL, respectively, for sensitivity study of a set of indices.

为了寻找合适的波段位置以改善植被指数与叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数的线性关系，去除饱和区域，进而提高这2个参数的实际估算精度，该文选取了叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数，以辐射传输模型PROSPECT和SAIL为基础，模拟了这2个参数变化对3类高光谱植被指数归一化植被指数(NDVI、优化的简单比值指数和优化的叶绿素吸收率指数的影响。

Prattii- Ailanthus altissima deciduous broad-leaved forest community and Cerasus trichostorna-Cerasus dielsiana-Acer caudatum deciduous broadleaved forest community , had lower total richness and Shannon-Wiener index .

3人工林群落与次生林群落相比，人工林群落具有较低的物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及较高的优势度指数，次生林具有较高的物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及较低的优势度指数。

Results: In acute experiment, there was no significant difference of body weight or organ indexes between the normal control and arsenic poisoning groups ; while the CH50 level, lymphocyte accruing rate, phagocytosis rate and macrophagocyte index in arsenic poisoning group were significantly lower (P.05 or P.01) than those in normal group. There was no significant difference of body weight or organ index between arsenic poisoning group and EXD (10 g) treated arsenic poisoning group, while CH50, lymphocyte accruing rate, phagocytosis rate, and mavrophocyte index were significantly higher in EXD (10 g) treated arsenic poisoning group than those in arsenic poisoning group (P.05 or P.01). In EXD (5 g) treated arsenic poisoning group, results of all the tested indexes were the same as those of arsenic poisoning group.

结果：与正常对照组相比，砷中毒组小鼠体重、脏器指数无明显改变；CH50、淋巴细胞增殖、巨噬细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数明显降低，差异有显著性（P.05或P.01；与砷中毒组相比，竹荪治疗低剂量组小鼠体重、脏器指数、CH50、淋巴细胞增殖、巨噬细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数无明显改变化；竹荪治疗高剂量组除小鼠体重、脏器指数无明显改变外，CH50、淋巴细胞增殖、巨噬细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数明显升高，差异有显著性（P.05或P.01）。

19" As the market rebounded, the strongest index for the real estate index, which is a small number of non-adherence to the market index hit another new low and take the lead in "9.19" high index; followed by small and medium-sized plate composite index, manufacturing Industry index, the pharmaceutical industry index, as well as Zero index, which had been cut,"9.19 high rebound in the region.

9.19&随着市场反弹，对房地产指数，这是一种非少数坚持市场指数再创新低，并带头在&9.19&高指标；其次是最强的指数中小企业大型板综合指数，制造业指数，制药行业指数，以及零指数，已被切断，&9.19高回弹在该地区。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。