指数

The following is a list of topics to be covered: index number approach (fixed basket approach, test approach, economic approach, stochastic approach, and Divisia approach), chain index and chained index, hedonic price index, macroeconomic price index, stock market price index, inflation measurement, and economic growth rate measurement.

本课程的主要内容包括：指数方法（指数的固定篮子方法、指数的检验方法、指数的经济方法、指数的随机方法、指数的 Divisia 方法）、环比指数与链式指数、 Hedonic 价格指数、宏观经济价格指数、证券市场价格指数、通货膨胀测度、经济增长率测度。

Because of the deficiency of the index analysis method, the author puts forward the increment analysis method as an improved method, studies and demonstrates the theory and method and procedure and points for attention of the increment analysis.

第二部分，第四章至第六章，属于指数的应用研究，在对价格类型和价格指数体系进行分类和分析的基础上，研究和构建了股价指数、国债价格指数和证券投资基金价格指数三维一体的金融证券价格指数体系，并对这三种价格指数的理论和应用作了系统的研究和探索。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The correlative analysis was done between PAIs and postoperative outcome. Results: The minimal diameter of right pulmonary artery was found at proximal portion in 62 cases, at middle portion in 22 cases and at distal portion in 34 cases; the minimal diameter of left pulmonary artery was found at proximal portion in 46 cases, at middle portion in 13 cases, at distal portion in 59 cases. The length of stay in ICU, mechanical ventilation time, dose of inotropic drugs correlated well with modified pulmonary artery index better than Nakata index, with Nakata index better than McGoon index.

目前临床上多用McGoon指数、Nakata指数作为形态学指标评估肺血管容量及肺血流情况，一般认为McGoon指数、Nakata指数越大，术后低心排发生率越低，生存率越高，但这些指数有以下缺点：l 左、右肺动脉第一分支处的单点测量值能否反映肺血管的全貌尚有疑问。2 McGoon指数、Nakata指数无法预计术后肺血管的潜在发育能力。3 McGoon指数、Nakata指数都需通过心血管造影后测量获得，价格昂贵，有一定的创伤性，无法系统观察。

New York Stock Exchange in American is biggest one in the world, whose Dow Jones index(and later纳斯达克科技股指数)was not only the barometer of American economy, but also the registering weather vane of the major stock market in the world.

美国纽约证券交易所是世界上最大的证券交易所，它的道·琼斯指数(及以后的纳斯达克科技股指数)不光是美国经济的晴雨表，也是世界上大多数股票市场的风向计，一荣俱荣，一败俱败。

Between shrub and herb layers ,the difference of each index was not significant The total richness index and Shannon-Wiener index of Phellodendron amurense plantation community were all the highest than those of the other communities.(2) The total richness index of Machilus pingii- Quercus oxyodon evergreen broad-leaved forest community, Alnus cremastogyne-Betula luminifera-Quercus oxyodon evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest community and Rhus potaninii- Juglans sigillata- Quercus oxyodon evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest community all exceeded 31 .These communities , the dominance species in their shrub layers is Fargesia rufa ,such as Betula luminifera-Rhus chinensis-Quercus oxyodon evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest community, Quercus oxyodon-Litsea pungens-Cornus macrophylla evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest community, Cornus macrophylla- Acer caudatum var.

2润楠-曼椆常绿阔叶林、桤木-亮叶桦-曼椆常绿落叶阔叶混交林、青麸杨-野核桃-曼椆常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落的总体丰富度指数均大于31；在灌木层以青川箭竹为主的群落(亮叶桦-盐肤木-曼椆常绿落叶阔叶混交林、曼椆-木姜子-梾木常绿落叶阔叶混交林、梾木-川滇长尾槭-落叶阔叶林、川西樱桃-尾叶樱-川滇长尾槭落叶阔叶林)中，各群落总体丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较小，总体优势度指数较大；8种次生林群落灌木层丰富度指数均高于乔木层，乔-灌层间丰富度指数差异性检验达显著水平；乔-草层间的丰富度指数差异性检验达极显著水平，Shannon-Wiener多样性指数差异达显著水平；灌-草层间的多样性指数和优势度指数差异性检验均达显著水平。

Results:(1) The mean BMI of patients except for women aged from 20 to 29 years, was much higher than that of the general population (P.01).(2) The overweight (BMI≥24) ratio of the patients was much higher than that of the general population (P.01).(3) Patients with hypernormal BMI were more than those with normal BMI (BMI4) except for patients aged from 20 to 29 years.(4) Patients with hypernormal BMI were significantly more than those with normal body weight in all other occupations except for young students.

结果：①除了女性20岁～29岁年龄段外，其余各组患者体重指数的均数均明显大于中国普通人群体重指数的均数（P均＜0.01）；②本组患者中男、女性体重指数超常者(BMI≥24)所占的比重，均明显大于中国普通人群中体重指数超常者所占的比重（P均＜0.01）；③除了男、女20岁～29岁年龄段以外，其余各年龄段的患者中体重指数超常者所占的比重，明显大于体重指数正常者(BMI4)所占的比重；④除青年学生外，其他职业中体重指数超常者所占的比重，明显超过体重指数正常者所占的比重。

This thesis attempts to innovate at two points, as follows:Theoretically, it endeavors to explore the value of SA from the aspect of index error. It analyzes the source of indices\' error, uses its theoretical meaning and economical significance to put forwards some methodic suggestions to some index-related issues, such as calculation of weights in index, evaluation of index formulas, structure analysis of layered issues, and etc.Practically, this thesis quests for the settlements of some difficulties in China\'s compilation of macroeconomic price index by the means of SA. Besides, it tries to make an innovative use of SA to Regional Economics. Improving on Theil\'s index with SA, it makes an empirical study on China\'s regional disparities since reform-policy was adopted.

本文尝试在以下两方面有所创新：理论研究方面，从指数误差的角度挖掘随机指数的理论价值，并围绕误差来源及其本身的理论内涵和经济意义，探讨了诸如指数权数确定、公式选择、分层指数的结构分析和可信度检验等疑难问题；实践应用方面，就价格指数编制实践中的一些具体问题(如基本价格指数的公式选择、高层汇总的权数确定等)提出了随机指数方法的改进方案，并将该方法首次拓展到区域经济学，通过随机方法下泰尔指数及其分解分析的运用，对改革开放以后中国区域经济差距的问题进行了实证研究。

The plant species diversity of 9 associations in the Oxytropis coerulea community of mount Wutai was studied by using richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Weiner index and evenness index, respectively. The results indicated that: The quantity of populations and species in the community have obvious unevenness character, which leads to variation of λ. index and H' index among different associations. R1 and H' increase firstly, and then decline slowly with the increase of elevation, which reach peak value at 2100 while E1 index waves steadily with elevation change.

应用丰富度指数(R1)、Simpson指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和均匀度指数(E1)研究了9个群丛的植物种多样性，结果表明：种群数量及其种群内个体数量具有明显不均匀性，进而导致λ指数和H'指数在不同群丛间的变化，R1、H'指数随海拔高度增加表现为先上升而后缓慢下降，在海拔2100m处达峰值，E1指数则随海拔变化呈现不稳定波动。

The individual density was 4.77 inds. per gram dry soil. The results indicated that the number of soil nematode fluctuated significantly with season, the number of soil nematode in autumn is significantly more than that in summer and in spring. Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, Margalef index and Trophic diversity index were used in analyzing the diversity of nematode community, ranking Cc＞Pm＞Clc, while Simpson index ranking Pm＞Clc＞Cc. The value of f/b, MI index, PPI index, MMI index, MI2-5 index, SI index and EI index were used in analyzing the characteristics of the functional structure of the nematode communities, ranking Cc＞Pm＞Clc, while PPI/MI value ranking Clc＞Pm＞Cc. It showed that the Clc was disturbed significantly.

研究结果表明，土壤线虫数量存在明显的季节波动，秋季明显高于夏季和春季；土壤线虫群落多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和营养类群指数大小依次为阔叶林、针叶林和混交林，而优势度指数却表现为：针叶林＞混交林＞阔叶林；土壤线虫群落营养类群f/b值、MI 指数、PPI 指数、MMI指数、MI2-5指数、SI指数和EI指数均表现为：阔叶林＞针叶林＞混交林，而PPI/MI指数则表现为：混交林＞针叶林＞阔叶林，表明混交林受干扰明显；土壤理化特征与线虫数量、属数、生态指数间也存在明显相关关系。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。