拱砖

Combined with Zhongshan-gate in Nanjing,by means of investigation and admeasurement, theoretical analysis and finite element simulation, the security analysis and reinforcement research of ancient brick-and-clay city gate structure are performed. The results would be the scientific reference to the reinforcement of brick-and-clay city gate. At the same time, the reinforcement method of barking concrete structure, another available method to renovations of brick-and-clay city gate, is put forward in this paper.

本文结合南京中山门，综合运用调查检测、理论分析和有限元模拟的方法，对砖土拱城门结构进行了安全性分析和加固技术研究，为砖土拱城门结构的加固维修提供切实可靠的科学依据；同时提出内衬混凝土空间箱型结构的加固方法，为今后对其它砖土拱城门结构的研究保护提供一定的参考。

To avoid surrounding because of the difference of ceramic heat swilling factors and concrete heat swelling factors,confirm the lines and keep ash slot according to the tile sizes:3mm.1.5mm,3-5mm,5-15mm.

按砖体尺寸划好线，划线时需预留灰缝，外墙砖3mm，内墙砖1.5mm、地砖3-5mm，仿古砖5-15mm，避免混凝土与陶瓷热胀冷缩系数不同而拱起。

Practice of the high blast temperature in 300 m 3BF of Maanshan Iron and Steel Co.Ltd;2. Measures to high blast temperature operation;3. A series of measures for realizing high blast temperature and long campaign have been taken in the design of ex- ternal combustion type hot air stove provided by Nippon Steel for 4350m~3 blast furnace newly built in Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co.

在新建的太钢4350m~3高炉新日铁外燃式热风炉的设计中，围绕高风温长寿命采取了一系列措施：蓄热室、燃烧室、混风室内墙体与拱顶的拱角相接处，采用迷宫式结构，防止独立砌体间窜风；在开孔部位采用组合砖，以提高这些关键部位的气密性和结构稳定性；蓄热室内采用带凹凸槽的小孔径七孔高效格砖，提高加热面积；采用分离型余热回收装置预热助燃空气和煤气等。

A series of measures for realizing high blast temperature and long campaign have been taken in the design of ex- ternal combustion type hot air stove provided by Nippon Steel for 4350m~3 blast furnace newly built in Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co.

在新建的太钢4350m~3高炉新日铁外燃式热风炉的设计中，围绕高风温长寿命采取了一系列措施：蓄热室、燃烧室、混风室内墙体与拱顶的拱角相接处，采用迷宫式结构，防止独立砌体间窜风；在开孔部位采用组合砖，以提高这些关键部位的气密性和结构稳定性；蓄热室内采用带凹凸槽的小孔径七孔高效格砖，提高加热面积；采用分离型余热回收装置预热助燃空气和煤气等。

Under the action of horizontal earthquake forces, buildings with brick arch roof and floors vibrates as a whole, and at the same time local vibration takes place in the arch.

本文对砖拱楼盖的计算，考虑了楼盖的局部振动及房屋的整体振动两种影响，以及不同楼层处砖拱楼盖的不同地震反应。

Brick arch brick arch lintel lintel arches and arcs into flat arch.

1，砖拱过梁砖拱过梁分为平拱和弧拱。

Brick joints of arch and vault shall be staggered and control line shall be introduced from longitudinal joints to keep straightness of brick surface.

拱或拱顶应错缝砌筑，错缝砌筑的拱和拱顶，应沿纵向缝拉线砌筑，保持砖面平直。

The error of ultimate load prediction after retrofitting:the error of structure program and preliminary estimation are between respectively 35~80% and 25~40%, the reason of error results from the slight deformation between the fixed beam relation with brick arch and reaction force base.

砖拱补强后，其水平极限荷载预测之误差：值分析程式预测结果误差约在35~80%之间，推估公式预测结果误差约在25~40%之间，试验进时砖拱与底固定处及底与反基座产生微小变形应为误差源。

The error of ultimate load prediction of un-reinforced brick arch: brick arch will be simplified to portal frame are used to preliminary estimation, in-plane stiffness which only provides from vertical frame, the average error between -20~20%;Structure program are used to simulate brick arch with shell elements analyzed, the average error between -15%~10%.

未补强砖拱，其水平极限荷载预测之误差：推估公式中将砖拱简化为门形构架，其面内刚由垂直构材提供，平均误差在-20~20%之间；结构分析程式中将砖拱以壳元素模拟，平均误差在-15~10%之间。

Brick arch failure mode:Cracks are separated into shear and flexural cracks, the shear and flexural crack of un-reinforced brick arch occur in arch angle 63o respectively and at the bottom of 3rd brick walls on both sides of opening.

砖拱破坏模式：缝大致上可分为剪缝与挠曲缝；未补强砖拱斜向剪缝发生处为拱心角约63o 处，挠曲水平缝发生於开口侧底部三皮砖位置。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。