括约肌

Inclusion criteria: according to the published time, we chose those which related to the following contents: the manometric studies on the pressure asymmetry character described from qualitative to quantitative respects, the basic research literatures on the anatomy construction character of the anal sphincter which determined the pressure asymmetry, and this pressure asymmetry was used to evaluate quantitatively the clinical application and biofeedback of the functional status of the sphincter.

纳入标准：按照文献发表年代顺序纳入从定性到定量角度阐述括约肌压力偏位特点的测压研究文献，肛门外括约肌解剖学构筑特点决定压力偏位的基础研究文献，此压力偏位用于定量评价括约肌功能状态的临床应用及生物反馈应用文献。

The mechanisms of feces control is followed:(1)Perception of oncotic pressure by anal activates the kinetic response of defecation control;(2)The tension of the internal sphincter muscle of anus makes it closed inmost of the time.(3)Tension of anal sphincter and puborectalis mantain the angle between rectum and anal canal and make anal canal closed during the relaxation of anal sphincter ;(4)adaptability of rectum makes rectum engorge in the cases of the not too high pressure of rectum .Destruction of any mechanism above will result in fecal incontinence .

正常人的大便节制主要通过下列机制调控：(1)直肠对膨胀压的感知，激发控制排便节制的动力学反应；(2)肛门内括约肌的张力，使肛管在大部分时间处于关闭状态；(3)肛门外括约肌和耻骨直肠肌的张力，使得在肛门内括约肌松弛期间，维持肛管直肠角的存在，并使肛管处于闭锁状态；(4)直肠适应性，使得在直肠内压不致过高情况下，允许直肠充盈，上述机制中一种或几种受到破坏，就可以引起大便失禁。

Research of ultramicro- structure of anal sphincter in the cases of patients with fecal incontinence shows : shortness of smooth muscle cells of anal sphincter , destruction of normal structure of the rest cells , elongation of elastic tissue and increase of collagen fibers. Thus the most familiar cause of copracrasia is Degeneration of finespun smooth muscle of anal sphincter which mantain anal sphincter closed .One of the pathomechanism of fecal incontinence is decrease of anal resting pressure .

对大便失禁者肛门内括约肌的超微结构研究发现：肛门内括约肌的平滑肌细胞缺失、剩余细胞的正常关系破坏、弹性组织拉伸、胶原纤维成分增加，因而大便溢漏最常见的原因是维持括约肌关闭的肌肉-肛门内括约肌的纤细平滑肌的退行性病变，肛管静息压降低是大便失禁发病的一个病理学机制。

The present invention provides a sphincter exerciser for strengthening the sphincters of persons in an effort to prevent diseases, such as aconuresis or encopresis caused by weak sphincters.

本发明提供一种用于加强人的括约肌以努力防止由于括约肌虚弱而引起的诸如小便失禁或大便失禁等情况发生的括约肌锻炼器。

200IU BTX-A was dissolved in 8ml normal saline, and the solution of BTX-A was injected into 8 different points in urinary sphincter using a flexible cystoscopic needle, with each point of 1ml solution. The effects was evaluated and followed up. Result: One month after injection, the hydronephrosis decreased from 3.9±1.2cm to 1.1±0.8cm and PUV did so from 187±58ml to 54±18ml in all patients.

对逼尿肌－外括约肌协同失调的13例患者，将200IU BTX-A溶解于8ml生理盐水，在膀胱尿道镜下分点注射于外括约肌内；对DESD合并逼尿肌－膀胱颈协同失调的6例患者，将200IU BTX-A溶解于12ml生理盐水，分点注射于膀胱颈及外括约肌内。1个月后复查上述检查指标。

Result: Unstable bladder in 9 cases(45%), low compliance bladder in 5 cases (25%), obstruction in the bladder outlet in 11 cases (55%), dyssynergia in detrusor muscle and external urethral sphincter in 7 cases (35%), unstable bladder with obstruction in the bladder outlet in 6 cases, low compliance bladder with obstruction in the bladder outlet in 4 cases , unstable bladder with dyssynergia in detrusor muscle and external urethral sphincter in 2 cases .

结果：不稳定性膀胱9例（45%），低顺应性膀胱5例（25%），膀胱出口梗阻11例（55%），逼尿肌尿道括约肌协同失调7例（35%），其中不稳定膀胱合并膀胱出口梗阻6例，低顺应性膀胱合并膀胱出口梗阻4例，不稳定膀胱合并逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调2例。结论：慢性前列腺炎患者的下尿路症状与不稳定性膀胱、低顺应性膀胱、膀胱出口梗阻及逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调有关，了解这些相关因素对治疗有重要的指导意义。

Result: unstable bladder in 9 cases(45%), low compliance bladder in 5 cases (25%), obstruction in the bladder outlet in 11 cases (55%), dyssynergia in detrusor muscle and external urethral sphincter in 7 cases (35%), unstable bladder with obstruction in the bladder outlet in 6 cases, low compliance bladder with obstruction in the bladder outlet in 4 cases , unstable bladder with dyssynergia in detrusor muscle and external urethral sphincter in 2 cases .conclusion : the symptom of inferior urinary tract in patients with chronic prostatitis urodynamic was related to the unstable bladder, low compliance bladder , obstruction in the bladder outlet and dyssynergia in detrusor muscle and external urethral sphincter ,to know the correlation factors do significant benefit in guiding the clinical treatment.

结果：不稳定性膀胱9例（45%），低顺应性膀胱5例（25%），膀胱出口梗阻11例（55%），逼尿肌尿道括约肌协同失调7例（35%），其中不稳定膀胱合并膀胱出口梗阻6例，低顺应性膀胱合并膀胱出口梗阻4例，不稳定膀胱合并逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调2例。结论：慢性前列腺炎患者的下尿路症状与不稳定性膀胱、低顺应性膀胱、膀胱出口梗阻及逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调有关，了解这些相关因素对治疗有重要的指导意义。

The sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can be treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy. Preservation of sphincter function is stressed in surgery.

内镜切开括约肌是治疗奥狄氏括约肌运动紊乱症的重要措施；在外科实践中应重视对奥狄氏括约肌功能的保留。

"Both ends are closed off by sphincters, which relax to let food through and close to keep it from backing up."

两端均为括约肌所关闭；食物通过括约肌进入食道后，该括约肌立即关闭以防食物向上回流。

"Both ends are close d off by sphincters, which relax to let food through and close to keep it from backing up."

两端均为括约肌所关闭；食物通过括约肌进入食道后，该括约肌立即关闭以防食物向上回流。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失