拓扑代数

On the other hand, equivariant algebraic topology concerns the study of algebraic invariants of space with group actions. It is really a study of symmetries on spaces, and has always occupied a central role in mathematics.

在另一方面，等变代数拓扑关注于带有群作用的拓扑空间代数不变量的研究，其更深刻的本质在于对空间对称性的揭示，因此从来都在数学研究中占有重要的地位。

It's really the natural setting for algebraic topology because the traditional algebraic invariants (fundamental group, homolog group,etc.) arc isomorphic not only for homeomorphic spaces but for spaces of the same homotopy type. Homtopy epimorphisms and monomorphisms are special morphisms in the category of topological spaces and the initial research of them may be traceable to S.T.

同伦论的本质是利用比同胚关系更广泛的等价关系—同伦关系来对拓扑空间进行研究，这也是代数拓扑研究中一种自然的考虑，因为传统的代数不变量不仅在同胚的空间之间保持同构，而且在具有相同伦型的空间之间也保持同构。

Early in the 1950s, in algebraic topology, the concept of graded Hopf algebras was derived from an axiomatization of the works of H. Hopf relating to topological properties of Lie groups. Hence the name,'Hopf algebra'.

50年代初，H.Hopf在研究李群的拓扑性质这一代数拓扑领域的理论工作中引入了分次Hopf代数的概念，"Hopf代数"由此而得名。

Complex based non manifold modeling generates topology framework of an object.

以代数拓扑中的复形为基础的非流形造型的作用是生成物体的拓扑框架，既可以表示CAD的物体，更适合表示具有复杂拓扑结构的自然物体。

Topology is traditionally decomposed into three parts: General topology, Algebraic topology and Differential topology.

习惯上拓扑学被分成点集拓扑、代数拓扑和微分拓扑三部分。

This book is intended to provide a working knowledge of those parts of exterior differential forms, differential geometry, algebraic and differential topology, Lie groups, vector bundles, and Chern forms that are essential for a deeper understanding of both classical and modern physics and engineering.

本书试图提供外微分形式、微分几何、代数拓扑、微分拓扑、李群、向量丛、Chern公式等前沿知识，它们对于深入理解经典物理、现代物理以及工程都是必需的。

Algebraic topology and general topology have gone their own ways.

代数拓扑和一般拓扑已经以自己的方式。

This paper discusses the kernel of the system -- geometric model and includes the following:(1) The topological elements and the relation between them in geometric modeling system are explained and expressed by the theory of simplicial complex and CW-complex. In addition, the identification operators and homology theory in algebraic topology are used in our model. A hierarchical structure is built on the base of complex.

本文主要讨论这个系统的核心问题——几何建模问题，包括以下几个方面内容：(1)用单纯复形和CW复形的理论来解释和表达造型系统中的拓扑元素和拓扑元素之间的相关关系，并将代数拓扑中的粘合操作和同调论应用到模型中，建立以复形为基础的层次结构。

The theory of graphs and relations between the spectra and fixed variate (e.g. chromatic number, degree sequence, diameter and connectivity) of graphs by means of the well-developed theory and technique of algebra, topological structure properties of graph, combination and matrix theories so as to establish firm essential relation between the algebraic properties and topological properties of graphs and networks.

图谱理论的研究主要是利用成熟的代数理论和技巧，并结合图的拓扑结构性质和组合数学的理论、矩阵理论来研究图谱及其与图的结构性质、图的其它不变量(如色数，度序列，直径，连通度等)之间的关系，将图与网络的代数性质与图的拓扑性质紧密地联系在—起。

In this thesis we study largely two problems in the context of the φ-mapping topological current theory proposed by Prof. Yishi Duan, ranging from inner structure of homotopy in algebraic topology to topological excitations in the atomic Bose-Einstein condensates.

本论文在段一士教授提出的φ映射拓扑流理论框架内研究了两个问题：代数拓扑中同伦理论的内部结构，及原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的拓扑激发。。。。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷