拇

Bunion 拇囊肿: a painful swelling on the side of the big toe, partly down to the anatomy of the foot and worsened by ill-fitting shoes

大拇趾一侧肿痛，由拇趾根部骨头排列异常所致，鞋子不合脚会使病情加重

20 cases of severed hallux were successfully replanted in our department.

对20例离断拇趾进行再植，全部成活，保全了拇趾的外形和功能。

The pathological changes of hallux valgus are diversity, including adduct of metatarsus primus, increasing of the intermetatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsal bones, increasing of hallux valgus angle, dislocation of sesamoides, lost of soft tissue balancing. X-ray is the most important method to measure the pathological changes of hallux valgus.

拇外翻其病理改变具有多样性的，包括第一跖骨内收、第一，二跖骨间角增大、拇趾外翻角增大、第一跖趾关节近端关节面固定角或远端关节面固定角增大、籽骨移位、软组织平衡的改变等。X射线测量是确定拇外翻病理改变的主要的手段。

RESULTS: Anatomical observation revealed that, the flexor pollicis longus muscle was located in a ring structure consisted of sesamoid and intersesamoid ligament. When the first metacarpophalangeal joint over-flexed or over-extended, the extension tendon was apt to be injured because of augmental friction between sesamoid and the extension tendon.

结果：解剖学研究发现，拇长屈肌腱位于两粒籽骨和籽骨间横韧带构成的一个类似于"指环"的封闭式结构里，在此结构中，拇掌指关节在做过伸、过屈时，易导致拇长屈肌腱与籽骨的摩擦加大而受到损伤。

Eggers used a part of the extensor carpi radialis longus as a tendon transfer through a drilled hole on the ulnar side of the thumb metacarpal base, and Slocum and Kestler had treated traumatic thumb carpometacarpal joint dislocations with a palmaris longus graft or an extensor pollicis brevis graft, respectively.

Eggers 用部分拇长伸肌腱通过拇掌故基部尺侧区的钻孔， Slocum 和Kestler 分别采用掌长腱或拇短伸肌腱移植术。

Because heel is high, human body weighs heart reach, more heavy sufficient the trend that pushs ahead, force Mu foot to slant outwards crooked, form bag of Mu foot evaginate, Mu phlogistic, red, aching, serious person dare not wear a shoe, on foot the 2nd foot forms; weight state toe is unbalanced.

由于鞋跟高，人体重心前移，更加重了足向前挤的趋势，迫使拇趾向外偏歪，形成拇趾外翻、拇囊炎，红肿、疼痛，严重者不敢穿鞋、走路；第2趾形成锤状趾畸形。

The pathological changes of hallux valgus are diversity, including adduct of metatarsus primus, increasing of the intermetatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsal bones, increasing of hallux valgus angle, dislocation of sesamoides, lost of soft tissue balancing.

拇外翻其病理改变具有多样性的，包括第一跖骨内收、第一，二跖骨间角增大、拇趾外翻角增大、第一跖趾关节近端关节面固定角或远端关节面固定角增大、籽骨移位、软组织平衡的改变等。X射线测量是确定拇外翻病理改变的主要的手段。

RESULTS: Anatomical observation revealed that, the flexor pollicis longus muscle was located in a ring structure consisted of sesamoid and intersesamoid ligament. When the first metacarpophalangeal joint over-flexed or over-extended, the extension tendon was apt to be injured because of augmental friction between sesamoid and the extension tendon.

结果：解剖学研究发现，拇长屈肌腱位于两粒籽骨和籽骨间横韧带构成的一个类似于&指环&的封闭式结构里，在此结构中，拇掌指关节在做过伸、过屈时，易导致拇长屈肌腱与籽骨的摩擦加大而受到损伤。

Objective: To provide anatomic basis for pectoranis minor muscle transplantation by vessels and nerves anastomosis to reconstruct thumb opposition function. Methods: The blood supply and nerve innervation of pectoralis minor muscle, the comparison of the morphology and dimension of both pectoralis minor muscle and thenar muscle were investigated on 20 sides of adult cadaveric thoraxes and hands. According to the locations of the vessels and nerves of the pectoralis minor, the clipped pectoralis minor muscle at the same side were transplanted and fixed to thenar muscles with the same direction of thenar muscle fiber. After that, the process of dragging simulating opposition movement of hand were performed and observed.

目的：为吻合血管神经的选择性胸小肌移植重建拇对掌功能术式提供解剖学依据方法：在20侧成人胸部及手部标本中，解剖观察胸小肌的血管神经分布及胸小肌和大鱼际肌的形态、大小并将一者进行比较；然后按照大鱼际肌纤维走行方向，参考血管神经位置，将胸小肌修剪合适后移植固定于同侧手部大鱼际，模拟正常手部拇对掌功能予以牵拉，观察标本手部拇对掌过程。

One - stage reconstruction of opposition function or plastic surgery were performed for patients with combination of contracture of adductors and function impairment of abductors pollicis and injury of bone and joint.

对合并拇内收肌群挛缩、拇外展功能障碍及骨、关节损伤患者，一期同时行拇对掌功能重建或矫形手术。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失