抽象概念

Rather, the base concept is used to access or derive an abstract metaphoric category of which it represents a prototypical member, and the target concept is then assigned to that category.

结构映射理论认为，目标概念与基础概念之间的跨范围映射是由抽象的比喻类概念作为中介的，因此比喻就是一种类比或者比较。

Several combining with middle school mathematics teaching Abstract: combining the number is the number of more abstract corresponding relation and the geometrical graph, combine to solve the problem of abstract concepts to materialize and intuitive, intuitive, abstraction, and systematic problem to reduce the difficulty of the problem, and to help students thinking transformation and training students' ability.

数形结合与中学数学教学摘要：数形结合就是把较为抽象的数量关系和与其对应的几何图形相互结合起来解决问题，使抽象的概念直观化、具体化，使直观的问题系统化、抽象化，从而达到降低难题的难度、帮助学生思维转换、培养学生能力的作用。

Some people doubt if abstraction or figurativeness that arose after the conceptualism are still the self-dependant opposing concepts. Based on this, they have questioned that modern abstractionism is an obsolete belief.

有人质疑在观念主义之后，抽象或具象是否还能够作为自足的、对立的概念，那么当代抽象主义已是一种过时的信仰？

In the second chapter, the concept of an integrated abstract delay equation is introduced, and the equivalence of the well - posedness of an integrated delay equation and an associated integrated Cauchy problem is derived.

在第二章中，引入了积分抽象时滞方程的概念，并且得到积分抽象时滞方程的适定性与相应的积分柯西问题适定性等价。

Taking customer domain for example, an ontology-based customer metadata model is build and formalized in description logics. Then two kinds of modes for customer information sharing are studied. The two modes are to construct a global c ustomer m etadata m odel w ithin a n e nterprise a nd t o c onstruct a mapping mechanism between customer metadata models located on different enterprises respectively. In the first mode, an information source is regarded as a 3-tuples, including a metadata model, a concept relation set and a resource data set.

然后从两个层面来探讨客户信息的共享机制：一是在企业内部创建统一的客户元数据模型，将信息源抽象成一个包含元数据模型、概念关系集、资源数据集的三元组，对概念关系的构成及获取方法进行分析，随后建立数据请求的模型，并相应地提出基于概念关系和基于术语相似度的两种答复模式。

Mechanics and electrology both play dominant roles in the physics course in middle schools, but electrical concepts, more abstract than mechanical ones, are not only the difficulty of learning, but also the focus and difficulty of teaching.

物理概念是物理科学知识体系中最基本的部分，在中学物理课程中，力学和电学占据着主要地位，其中电学概念相对力学概念更抽象，是学生学习的难点，同时也是教师教学的重点和难点。

The shaping construction of evolution in the rural society includes three levels,pressure type system in the upper,self interest in the middle and peasants,vulnerable position of inorganization in the bottom.

然后这一概念开始受到关注，因为对社会现象抽象与解释的需要，各种专业都纷纷要下沉这个概念到自己的研究领域，从而使这个概念呈现出五彩缤纷的复杂图景，其含义也因

This thesis investigates the profile extraction and shape optimization on the result of topology optimization of planar compliant mechanisms. The main context includes the following work:(1) summarizing and analyzing the recent research status, some harvest and unsolved problems;(2) analyzing the conceptual design of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms and its mathematical model and tools;(3) Modifying the method of density contour as the method of profile extraction, and developing a method to optimize the density function in the profile extraction according to the requirement of the design of compliant mechanism;(4) developing a method to abstract the compliant mechanism into a form of links and joints by using the principle of connectivity on topology;(5) developing a method of shape optimization of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms, by representing the profile of the abstracted compliant mechanism as simple curves such as straight lines and arcs, establishing the models of the size optimization of the parameters of these curves, so that the compliant mechanism has a machinable shape;(6) At last, proving the feasibleness and effectiveness of the design method by making simulation design and validating it in FEA software.

主要工作包括：(1)分析了柔顺机构拓扑优化和形状优化的研究现状，分析了目前柔顺机构的研究重点、主要成果和尚未解决的问题；(2)分析了基于SIMP的柔顺机构概念设计方法及其相关工具和模型；(3)针对柔顺机构轮廓提取的特殊要求，提出了密度等值线法的改进方案，对密度函数插值点密度值进行优化，提出优化模型和选择优化算法；(4)根据轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构自身的形状特点，提出了轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构的抽象方法，即应用拓扑学上的连通性原理将柔顺机构抽象成杆件和结点形式，并对相应的数学原理进行了证明；(5)提出了平面全柔顺机构的形状还原和尺寸优化方法，对抽象的柔顺机构进行还原，将其轮廓还原成简单曲线的连接，从而建立尺寸优化模型，对机构进行尺寸优化设计，在得到可加工的机构轮廓的同时又能对关键部位进行特别处理；(6)进行了柔顺机构的数值仿真设计，并将所得设计结果导入商用有限元软件中进行仿真实验，证明了设计方法的可行性和有效性。

Process error included using general knowledge and prototype and image replaced mathematics concept, irrationality of classification and comparison, faultiness of generalize and abstract, separation of definition and concept, irrelevancy of applying and relating, and mistake of extending and connecting.

包括用日常生活概念、概念原型、&形象描述&等代替数学概念，分类与比较不合理，概括与抽象不完善，概念定义与概念相脱离，概念运用僵化，建立不恰当的联系，对联系作不正确的推广或依据个人经验强行进行不正确的联系等错误。(2)&合理性&错误。

Conceptual metaphor is featured by a set of systematic correspondences between the source and the target, namely mappings.

概念隐喻借助于具体的概念让我们理解相对抽象的概念，而语言隐喻仅仅是潜在的概念隐喻的表现形式。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失