抽象主义

Beside, Peng also did research on the western abstractionism and is trying to make use of it in new compositions.

彭麒还对20世纪西方抽象主义进行研究，尝试运用抽象手法进行新的创造。

Some people doubt if abstraction or figurativeness that arose after the conceptualism are still the self-dependant opposing concepts. Based on this, they have questioned that modern abstractionism is an obsolete belief.

有人质疑在观念主义之后，抽象或具象是否还能够作为自足的、对立的概念，那么当代抽象主义已是一种过时的信仰？

Abstractionism is generated from the traditional Western philosophy, which is featured by the contrast between doctrine and illusion. And abstract painting is an individualized Utopian coding. Some gap does occur between these enlightening concepts and the historic records of art.

关于抽象主义产生于理念与幻象二元对立的西方哲学传统，及抽象绘画是一种个人化的乌托邦编码等颇有启发力的观点，与艺术史实际资料之间，是有一定距离的。

Modernism includes a lot of different trends of thoughts: F auvism , Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, Abstractionism, Surrealism, etc… At the end of World War II, western modern art which developing terminal has entered a new stage ---- the Post-Modernism was born.

现代主义美术包括许多不同的思潮和流派：野兽主义、表现主义、立体主义、未来主义、达达主义、抽象主义和超现实主义等。

I also made abstract sculptures in stoneware clay, I wanted to make soft organic shapes, but with pure soft lines and a minimalist expression.

我还制作了一件抽象的炻器雕塑。我想做出柔和的有机体外形，线条优美简洁并有着极简约的抽象主义表达形式。

However, during New Trend '85, Gu Wenda differentiated himself from most artists of Chinese Painting of the time and showed his contemporary consciousness by experimenting on traditional ink painting materials and techniques. This brought out a new possibility for the contemporaneity of Chinese Painting. Since then, unremitting efforts have been made to "modernize" Chinese Painting through traditional abstract elements like ink-wash and Calligraphy. These efforts streamed into a new trend called "modern ink"(or "abstract ink","experimental ink") in late 1980's, though seemed not widely acknowledged for its resemblance to Abstract Expressionism of 1960's and 1970's American art. What is interesting is that while some artists are endeavoring to "westernize" their art, a new trend grouped as "Neo-literati Painting" appears with very traditional form and mood. This can be explained as a group of people's resistance to the reformation of traditional culture as well as their nostalgia to traditional ideals. However, this school tends to be artificial for the absence of the particular context, and the expression with traditional brushwork is also regionally limited. Of all the efforts of reformation, Chinese Painting that accordingly adopts the tradition heads the list because of the cultural identification of the big number of population and greater market as a result of the economic growth of China. Meanwhile, the immense conservative inertia of traditional Chinese culture can also be detected.

在"现代艺术"风起云涌的"85新潮"中，谷文达以传统水墨的材料和方法表达出不同于当时大多数中国画艺术家们这种文化心态和文化认知的现代意识，为中国画的现代性提供了一种方案；以水墨、还有选择中国传统书法的抽象因素等可能来进行现代性探索，一直是中国画连绵的努力，在80年代后期汇聚成"现代水墨"（又或曰"抽象水墨"、"实验水墨"），是中国画的又一流向，但是不是没有脱离60、70年代美国的"抽象主义"意义，反而还有了拾人牙慧之嫌，所以始终难以获得更大的认可和成功；很有趣的是，与此"西化"流向同时的，还有以非常传统的方式出现的"新文人画"潮流，或许可以把这看着是部分中国文化人在中国以西方为参照的新文化背景下对之的抵制，对传统理想的怀念和诉求，但由于已经失去了其语境和环境，"新文人画"显得娇情和造作，而且这种以非常地域化的传统笔墨语言来表现的方式也失去了更为普遍化的可能；反而是延续传统一脉的国画，由于有巨大的人数基础的本土文化的认同，在中国经济发展后有了更大的市场，所以还是蔚然为中国画的一大潮向，从这也可以看到中国文化承传的保守性的力量。

Abstraction. The most important thing not to say when you encounter an Abstract Expressionist work is,"My kid could do that."

抽象主义。当你遇到一幅抽象主义的作品时，千万别说&我的小孩也能画出来&。

Then we should re-explain art.

文章把现代主义艺术的抽象化进程作为第一部分：印象主义的崛起，后印象主义，现代主义的发展，这是一个艺术逐渐抽象的过程；杜尚以后的艺术作为第二部分：杜尚与达达主义，超现实主义，装置与新达达主义，波普艺术，从极少艺术到观念艺术，新具象艺术，这是一个以具象形式对抽象主义的反拨。

In the United States after World War II generated by Pollock, de Kooning · represented by the abstract expressionist painting, a combination of abstract, expressionism characteristics, emphasizing freedom of action painters and automaticity.

第二次世界大战后在美国产生的以波洛克、德·库宁为代表的抽象表现主义绘画，综合了抽象主义、表现主义的特点，强调画家行动的自由性和自动性。

In 2003, Huang moved his workstation to Beijing. This is a timely move. He describes this state as "Huang Mingche in Beijing". I did not have the chance to hold an indepth discussion with him when he first started working on his abstract art, but I do believe that his work at that time was influenced by American abstract art maestro William De Kooning (1904-1997). That was an important transformation from concrete to abstract art.

2003年黄铭哲把绘画的基地转移到北京，这是一个与时俱进的举动，他本人也把这种状态叫做&黄铭哲人在北京&。80年代黄铭哲开始从事抽象绘画，我没有和他做过详细的交流，但是我确信，他那时期的作品一定受到美国抽象主义大师德库宁(William De Kooning，1904-1997)的影响，那是一次从具象绘画到抽象绘画的重要变革。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。