折射的

For example, all previous theoretical predictions and experimental observations have been questioned by Valanju et,wherein the authors claim that the presence of dispersion prevents power transmitted at RHM-LHM interface from refracting at a negative angle, which means the refraction of group velocity n_g carrying the physics information isall along positive refraction, but "negative refractive material " means only the refraction of phase velocity np is negative.

涉及最多的是负折射现象在物理上的因果率，例如Valanju等人通过一些理论计算认为所谓的"负折射率材料"只是相速的折射率n_p可以是负的，而携带物理信号的群速度的折射率n_g永远是正的，由此引发了许多争议。

To get these times, one must correct for the semidiameter of the sun and for atmospheric refraction.

另一种较常见的定义，日出和日落时，上肢的太阳显然超越地平线上，要得到这些时间，我们必须正确的，为semidiameter的太阳和大气折射（这些效应，共计约50分钟的弧）要做到这一点，添加以下的地方，你看到红点。

In this work, firstly, we give a historic survey of the optical principle based on Snell\'s law which was discovered more than three hundred years ago.

这触及到对核心光学原理的深刻认识和修改，以及所伴随产生的一系列与传统光学原理和规律尖锐冲突的问题，并延伸研究到很多方面，如负折射、人工材料、光子晶体、表面等离子体等，都成为近年来最热门的前沿研究课题，大量理论和实验结果发表在Nature，Science和PhysicalReview Letter等国际核心期刊上，促使世界范围内的研究小组通过各种不同的实验方法和理论模拟，积极探索这些感兴趣的核心问题。

A general formula for three dimensional refraction of progressive gravity water waves has been derived using the conservation of waves, which has a form the same as that derived using Fermat's principle in optics. For the case of gentle sloping plane beach the formula can be degenerated into the famous Snell's law.

三度空间中前进波浪的折射现象，已依波浪守衡性的本质简明地导述出其主控的通式，且与由较繁冗的光学之Fermat原则所得者完全一致；而最简单的均匀缓坡度底床的特例情况则退化成Snell定律者。

Since Kurosawa's samurai adventure "Yojimbo"(1960) was remade as "A Fistful of Dollars" and essentially created the spaghetti Western, and since this movie and Kurosawa's "The Hidden Fortress" inspired George Lucas'"Star Wars" series, it could be argued that this greatest of filmmakers gave employment to action heroes for the next 50 years, just as a fallout from his primary purpose.

自黑泽明的武士历险影片"用心棒"被翻拍成"荒野大镖客"以来，从中提炼创造出了意大利面条式的西部片，同时，这部电影和黑泽明的"战国英豪"，启发了乔治。卢卡斯，后者拍摄了"星球大战"系列，因此，有理由相信，这位最伟大的电影导演在下一个50年里，除了为众多动作明星提供在银幕上一展身手的机会外，还有，他的首要目标折射出的光芒，影响着一代又一代电影人。

On the basis of analyzing the principles of interleaver filters of the interference of polarized light and planar lightwave circuit-type lattice structure, the equivalent mathematical representation of the spectral transmittance of the two kinds of interlearers is revealed. The equivalent relationships of the structural parameters of them are given.

在分析比较双折射晶体偏振光干涉型和平面波导环形格子结构型光交错复用滤波器原理的基础上，揭示了两者在光谱透射率的数学上的等效性，给出了两者结构参量之间的等效关系，可以直接利用经简单傅里叶级数对比法获得的晶体的结构参量对平面波导环形格子结构型光交错复用滤波器进行结构设计。

The off-axis reflection system composed of four aspheric mirrors was designed, but the system structure was not so simple and the performance can also be improved, besides, manufacture and test for large aspheric mirrors are difficult; and then the spherical Fresnel mirror which is easier to be manufactured and tested was used to replace the aspheric mirror, the spherical Fresnel mirror has low cost of replication, but this design also can\'t be used in projection lens because it was only feasible in narrow wavebands; Furthermore, the design making use of catadioptric projection lens was accomplished, this design is greatly applied in rear projector because it has merits of both refraction and reflection. But it had difficulties in color aberration correction and had complex structure.

设计了四片非球面组成的离轴式反射系统，然而，仅采用非球面设计系统结构不够精简，性能也有待进一步提高，且非球面面形较大时加工和检测都存在一定的困难；继而提出了用球面Fresnel反射镜代替非球面的设计方法，虽然Fresnel反射镜加工和检测更为简单，且复制成本低，但对波长具有选择性；进而，应用折反系统结合的方式设计了离轴式投影镜头，该方法因兼具折射和反射的优点，在大屏幕超薄背投系统的设计中广为应用，缺点是会产生难以校正的色差，且结构复杂。

The first one is caused by electromagnetic wave refraction phenomena at air-soilinterface and the second one is caused by spherical wave propagation loss andtransmission loss.

前者主要是由于电磁波在媒质表面产生的折射效应造成的，后者主要是电磁波在传播过程中的衰减造成的，包括球面波传播损耗、媒质表面的反射损耗和有耗媒质媒质对电磁波的衰减效应。

The records gathered revealed that these 90 initiates left their monastery in the inner earth and ventured up to a beautiful cave near the surface of the earth that was as large as a canyon with lakes, streams, waterfalls and stalactite ceilings that refracted the light of the aurora.

收集起来的记录揭示出，这90个提升者离开了他们地心的修道院，探访到一个靠近地表的优美洞穴中，这个洞穴巨大到就象一个包含湖泊、溪流、瀑布的峡谷，在钟乳石的洞顶上折射着地心极光的色彩。

He had a preference for the small animals, who are common, weak or humble, since the absurdity of the world and the dilemma of human beings are reflected by their eyes, and their fear, humble images demonstrated the inside unstableness of the author when he was facing to the alienated world.

他尤其偏爱那些生活中常见的、较为弱小或是地位"低贱"的小动物，从它们眼中折射出世界的荒谬和人类的困境，以它们惊恐、卑微的意象呈现自己面对异化世界的惶恐不安。

This brought fixed cost, but it also is meant at the same time use a source to won't make you singlehanded assume a problem.

这带来了一定的成本，但它同时也意味着使用开源不会让你独力承担问题。

He gained a small fortune in real estate.

他在房地产上发了一笔小财。