折射的

The light propagation within an absorbing medium and the reflection and refraction at the interface of two absorbing media are studied.

本文研究吸收介质中光传播和吸收介质界面上的反射和折射。

In this thesis we investigate the beam propagation and amphoteric refraction in a Uniaxially anisotropic crystal.

本文在理论上研究了单轴晶体中的光束传输和正负折射现象。

The angle of refraction, r, is the angle between the refracted ray and the surface normal.

折射角 r 是折射光线和表面法线间的夹角。

The air through which we view Antares causes this star to twinkle rapidly!

空气的折射使得心宿二在我们眼中一直闪烁不断。

By 1933 Zeiss had manufactured several proven refractors of the "E","A" and "AS" achromatic doublet designs, and apochromat triplets of the "U.V."

1933年，蔡司生产了"E"，"A"和"AS"等几款使用消色差镜头设计，并经过实际使用验证的折射望远镜，还有"U.V。"

These are the largest fluorite apochromatic refractors available in the world.

这是世界上最大的APO折射镜了。

The latest experimental results of the focusing perfermance of the compound high-energy X-ray lens is designed with PMMA with the parameters of 40 plano-concave elementary lenses positioned in line with axial symmetry, 200 μm radius of the concave surface, 0.15 nm working wavelength, 0.5 mm geometrical aperture and 8 mm length of the compound lens and 1.3 m focus length, are briefly introduced.

报道了这种新型X射线光学元件聚焦性能的最新实验结果。设计的高能X射线组合透镜为聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯材料，包括40个相同的、顺序排布的平凹折射单元，折射单元的球面半径为200 μm，组合透镜的几何口径约为500 μm，长度约为8 mm，焦距约为1.3 m。简要描述了PMMA材料X射线组合透镜的制作技术和制作过程。并给出了X射线组合透镜聚焦性能测试实验系统和实验条件。

When the viewpoint is changing quickly, the rendering algorithm ignores some details of the diffuse component, otherwise the scene is rendered more precisely. The Specula highlight is dependent of the viewpoint, it must be processed in real time. We present an algorithm to get rid of the area that does not contain specula highlight quickly and calculate only the area that contains the specula highlight. In order to calculate the specula reflection and refraction component, we presented a new raytracing algorithm based on the environment map transformation. The environment maps are constructed at the sample points of the scene in the preprocessing phase. We add depth information in the environment maps and generate the exact reflection and refraction intensity with the transformation of a few pixels.

对于表面光亮度漫射分量，由于它与视点无关，可以把面片按照光照细节的分布预剖分成层次结构，然后在实时漫游时根据场景变化的快慢决定绘制的细致程度；对于镜面高光分量，由于它与视点有关，必须实时处理，我们提出了一种快速高光裁剪算法，通过简单测试，去除那些不包含高光的区域，只处理包含高光的区域；对于镜面反射分量和折射分量，我们提出了一种基于环境映照变换的快速光线跟踪算法，预先在场景的离散采样点处建立环境映照，然后根据入射点的位置，把邻近采样点处的环境映照上相关象素处的可见点变换过来，求取反射分量和折射分量。

In handling his subjects, Zhu Wei skilfully turns a certain collective unconsciousness into a unique personal viewpoint. In his work he ingeniously interweaves his childhood dreams with real-life circumstances, constructing a virtual reality that runs parallel to life; a reality that is filled with all sorts of contradictory contrasts which dissolve unenthusiastically into harmony, and which mirrors a pain in the depths of his spirit. At the same time, the pain reflects his genuine concern for society and humanity.

朱伟在处理他的题材时，非常老练地将一种集体无意识转化成他个人的独特视角，把童年梦想和现实境遇巧妙地穿插起来，构筑了一个与生活并行的虚拟实在，里面设计了各种自相矛盾的对立，对立之中又自行化解为无奈的和谐，折射了他精神暗处的隐痛，同时，这种隐痛折射了朱伟对社会和对人性的真切关怀

Making use of structural characteristics of the Lower Latitude Meridian Circle and the error theory of this instrument, we have developed a method used to measure directly instantaneous atmospheric refraction, and moreover built a local observational astronomical refraction model toward the east, south, west and north of Yunnan observatory that is classified according to the star's spectral type.

阐述了云南天文台探讨出的利用低纬子午环的观测原理，在不同方向和不同天顶距直接测定瞬时大气折射值的一套方法，并给出了用实测数据在东、南、西、北4个方向建立的按恒星光谱型分类的大气折射实测模型。

This brought fixed cost, but it also is meant at the same time use a source to won't make you singlehanded assume a problem.

这带来了一定的成本，但它同时也意味着使用开源不会让你独力承担问题。

He gained a small fortune in real estate.

他在房地产上发了一笔小财。