折射

In the first part of this thesis, Stress relaxation method set up in the software of DMA was used to perform the aromatic and aliphalic (D2192-BAPP) PI film stretching process. To study the optical anisotropies property to the light leakage from the crossed polarizers, we put the stretched samples into one set of crossed polarizers and as expected, the stretched PI films could reduce the light leakage at view angle of ±45 deg, and exhibited a visually observed compensating property of an A-plate. No color shift wasobserved, and the birefringence was very uniform. These results prove a uniform birefringence can be obtained by a stretched process for PI films.

首先，我们以动态机械分析仪的应力缓和模式对芳香族FDA-BAPP PI及脂肪族D2192-BAPP PI薄膜进行拉伸实验，并将拉伸后的PI薄膜置於一组相互交差的偏光片中观察其光学异向性，发现拉伸后的PI薄膜试片可以降低在±45o视角的漏光的效果，展现出如同A-Plate的光学补偿特性，所显现的光学补偿效果相当的均匀而且没有色偏的情形发生，证实以拉伸方法可以造成PI薄膜很均匀的双折射效应。

From the great development trajectory, the vertical social mobility of the rural society reflects the level of social development.

从长时段的发展轨迹上来看，晚清直隶农村的社会垂直流动折射出了晚清直隶农村社会的综合发展水平。

The ionosphere is strongly coupled with the other regions in the solar-terrestrial system, including the sun, the interplanetary medium, the magnetosphere, the thermosphere, and the mesosphere.

电离层是日—地系统的重要组成，不仅保护了地球上的生物免受太阳紫外辐射和宇宙高能粒子的直接作用，而且对穿电离层传播的无线电波产生反射、散射、吸收和折射等效应。

On the other hand, the use of Fresnel lenses has been the main stream for optical concentrators because of its flexibility.

在其中折射式的菲涅洱透镜是被广为使用的一种聚光镜。

At the same time, how the"tributary system"to operate in Qing dynasty, and what are the characteristics are analyzed. The second part begins with the failure of the Dutchmen in the late of the Ming dynasty, according with the background of that time, the reasons of the success in the early Qing dynasty is educed.

第二部分从明末荷兰叩关失败谈起，并结合当时的时代背景，引出清初荷兰求贡成功的原因，并通过对其入贡过程的详细考察，折射出朝贡制度运行的特点和理念，并分析在这一过程中双方关系的互动和变化。

Reflections from the ground and subsequent refractions by the ozonosphere, cause the usual repeat focus pattern

地面的反射以及随后臭氧层的折射，会引起那种常见的重复焦点现象。

Reflections from the ground and subsequent refractions by the ozonosphere, cause the usual repeat focus pattern

地面的反射以及随后臭氧层的折射，会引起那种常见的重复焦点现象。收藏反馈

The density, refractive index and molar refraction of glasses,and their relationship with composition had been measured.

测量了玻璃样品的密度，折射率和摩尔折射度，并分析了它们和玻璃组分的关系。

Within the coupled resonant frequency region, the negative index of refraction can be achieved.

在负的磁导率和负的介电常数重叠的频率区域，能得到一个负的折射系数。

Allows you to turn an object's visibility on or off in reflection and refractions.

允许你改变物体在反射和折射中可见或不可见。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。