折射

Although the production of relatively small achromatic and apochromatic refractor telescopes of up to 15cm, and catadioptic systems of up to 18cm, all with a variety of accessories at Jena would continue until 1994 when it was realized that Zeiss could not compete in the world market; the Zeiss "APQ" refractor telescopes optics were among the finest in the world but the inability to Zeiss to adapt these products promptly to the realities of a free marketplace assured their demise.

虽然耶拿厂可以生产相对小点口径的消色差和复消色差折射望远镜（口径最大可达15cm），还有口径最大可达18cm的反射折射望远镜系统，而且产品规格类型丰富，但蔡司在1994年还是意识到，不能在此类产品的世界市场上继续竞争了；蔡司的"APQ"系列折射望远镜产品确实属于世界顶级产品之列，但蔡司不具备在自由市场经济环境下，迅速调整改进此类产品的能力，所以决定此类产品停产。

First, based on Huygens' principle, formulas for double refraction and internal double reflection with different directions of propagation vector and wave vector are given.

虽然对晶体的双折射效应已有大量的研究，但都只关注于单个界面上的双折射双反射，没有适用于多个界面的连续双折射双反射的情况。

Then with the relations between the output of interface 1 and the input of interface 2, double refraction and/or double internal reflection in a crystal along two successive interfaces can be calculated.

在惠更斯定理的基础上，对从空气到晶体的折射、从晶体到空气的折射、近光轴入射的晶体全内反射和近光轴反射的晶体全内反射这四种单个界面上的双折射双反射情况，给出了同时适用于o光和e光的光线方向和光波法线方向的普遍公式。

In strictly, it is hard to make the light normal incident into the sphere, double refraction will take place in crystal sphere when a TEM〓 mode Gaussian beam oblique incident into the sphere, and the two orthogonal polarized beams are both elliptical Gaussian beam. The ellipticity and eccentricity of the elliptical Gaussian beam will change with the incident angle, and for a fixed incident angle, they will change with the shifting of incident beam waist position.

由于严格意义上的正入射较难实现，基模圆高斯光束斜入射晶体球后将在球内产生双折射，且球内偏振态正交的两束折射光都将是椭圆高斯光束，它们的椭圆度e和偏心度Δ随入射角的改变而改变，在入射角一定的情况下，入射光束束腰的移动也将改变这两束折射光的椭圆度e和偏心度Δ。

Know to all, The refract wave exist an precondition, that is the bottom medium velocity is bigger than upper, then medium interface produce the refractive wave, if the medium exist the speed turn in reverse, and low speed in false bottom, the medium interface can not calculate.

众所周知，折射波存在的前提是下层介质的速度一定要大于上层介质的速度，这样才能在界面形成折射波，如果存在低速夹层和速度倒转，则利用折射波来求取表层结构难以进行。

The theoretic transfer function of the filter made of N-stage HBFs, and the expression are obtained when N is 1, 2 or 3; the polarization independence of the filter is analyzed, and the relation between the frequency response and the parameter of filter such as the length, beat length of HBFs and the angles between HBFs is studied; finally, some experiments are performed to check the theory, and the result shows to have good agreement with the theoretic result.

从理论上得到了N段双折射光纤构成环镜滤波器滤波特性的结果；具体给出了N为1、2和3时的具体表达式；分析了所构成的环镜滤波器的偏振无关特性；讨论了双折射光纤的长度、拍长、双折射光纤之间夹角等因素对滤波器滤波特性的影响；最后，做了相关的实验验证，所得到的实验结果和理论模拟结果非常吻合，证实了理论的正确性。

The relationship between the refractive error and the initial elevation of laser beam is calculated by an example.

通过实例，计算了折射误差与激光束初始仰角的关系，计算结果表明，低仰角时折射误差大，高仰角时折射误差小。

A systemic research on the birefringence of side-hole fiber is presented. The research results show that the birefringence of circular-core side-hole fiber relies mainly on stress birefringence, its fast axis is parallel to the link line of the two holes, and its intrinsic birefringence increases exponentially with the angle and ellipticity of side holes.

本论文的主要研究结果和创新在于： 1、对边孔光纤的双折射特性进行了系统研究，提出圆芯型边孔光纤以应力双折射为主，两边孔连线方向为其快轴方向，其双折射大小与边孔张角和边孔椭圆度成指数关系。

According to the theory results,the two orthogonal polarized states of the fundamental mode become non-degenerate in this fiber and modal fields are quasi rectangular with appearing strongly linear polarization.And,the birefringence of the fiber was found to be due to the asymmetry of cladding structure.If the rate η between lognitudinal and transverse holes-spacing is reduced,the birefringence will increase strongly.

结果发现，矩形点阵微结构聚合物光纤基模两个正交偏振态不再简并，模场呈现类矩形且具有较强的线偏振特性；该光纤模式双折射产生于包层孔结构分布的不对称性，减小包层纵向孔间隔和横向孔间隔之比η值，双折射明显增强，适当调节η，可在更宽频带范围内实现高双折射单模运行。

When the light ray refracts at the interface between a traditional positive-refractive-index material and a novel NIM, negative refraction occurs where the refracted ray and the incident ray lie on the same side of the normal line, which means that the emergence of NIMs changes the traditional propagating laws and the basic imaging properties of lenses.

当光波从传统的正折射率介质入射到负折射介质的界面时将发生折射光线与入射光线位于界面法线的同侧的负折射现象。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。