折射

A semiconductor optical amplifier model is employed in which the self birefringence of SOA due to stress is taken into account. The integral action of the birefringence of the fiber and the PC is represented with a Jones matrix of linear retarder.

半导体光放大器采用由张应变引起的自身双折射理论模型，光纤的双折射效应和偏振控制器对光的偏振调节作用综合用一个线性双折射琼斯矩阵表示。

By definition,for targets located in a spherically stratified lower atmosphere or ionosphere,this paper derives the residual error models［Formulae (14) and (20);(24) and (27);(57) and (59),(63) and (65)］ of elevation angle refraction errors,range refraction errors and range rate refraction errors corresponding to monopulse radar and trilateration radar.

提要 本文从定义出发，推导出目标在球面分层低层大气或电离层内仰角折射误差、距离折射误差和相应于单脉冲雷达与三站雷达的距离变化率折射误差的残差模型［式(14)与(20)；(24)与(27)；(57)与(59)，(63)与(65)］。

And by applying the linear dispersion relation of wave, all the properties of wave refraction including wave rays, constant phase lines, phase function and crest lines etc., can be expressed in explicit functions. By introducing an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate along the wave ray and the constant phase line, and with an estimated scale factor, the refraction coefficients along any wave ray can then be determined. The present results are verified by ordinary wave ray theory and some previous numerical results.

就此特例情况在波浪的线性分散关係的应用下，前进波浪折射现象的整体特性，包括波向线、等位相线、位相函数与波峰线皆被导述出明確显然的函数表示；同时引入由沿著波向线与等位相线所构成的完全符合波浪折射几何通性的正交曲线座標，求出其尺度因子后，由能通量守衡原则定出沿著任一条波向线上的折射係数；並由之对往昔纯依两相邻的波向线间的几何类比所给定的折射係数给予导証之。

It is pointed out that if we don′t take into account therefrangibility of the high-order excited state, the material is self-defocusing whenthe refrangibility of the ground state is larger than that of the excited state andself-focusing if it is smaller.

指出如果不考虑高阶激发态折射，基态折射度大于激发态折射度为自散焦，小于激发态折射度为自聚焦。

We put it across that the sign of nonlinear refractiveindex changes under certain conditions if the high-order excited state contributessignificantly to the refractive index.The nonlinearity changes from self-defocusing to self-focusing if the refrangibility of the ground state is larger thanthat of the first excited state and smaller than that of the second excited state.

高阶激发态折射度贡献较大时，非线性折射率符号在一定条件下存在转化：如果基态折射度大于低阶激发态的折射度而小于高阶激发态折射度，材料发生自散焦—自聚焦转化；如果基态折射度小于低阶激发态折射度大于高解阶激发态折射度则发生自聚焦—自散焦转化。

However, the refraction of plane wave in reaction-diffusion system obeys Snell's law only for proper diffusion coefficients and system parameters.

在二维复金兹堡-朗道方程描述的反应扩散振荡系统中，就扩散对平面波折射率的影响进行了数值研究，从Snell定律出发导出了折射率的解析表达式，数值和理论结果表明：在纯扩散情况下，平面波的折射满足Snell折射定律，扩散只影响着平面波折射率的大小；在同时存在反应扩散情况下，只有在适当的扩散系数和系统参数下，平面波的折射才满足Snell折射定律。

Using the nature of endocone refraction and external cone refraction and the corresponding position relation on the light wave plane, the expressions of the cone-apex angles of endocone refraction and external cone refraction are deduced.

以此为基础，借助内锥折射和外锥折射的性质及对应光波面上的位置关系，推导了内锥折射锥顶角和外锥折射锥项角的表达式。

In VRay's material the amount of scattering is controlled by the refraction Glossiness parameter.

折射的一个可供变的地方叫折射光泽度（又叫模糊折射或毛玻璃折射）。

On the special structure of the Lower Latitude Meridian Circle and the practice of determining astronomical refraction in Yunnan observatory,a new method for improving the correction accuracy of the atmo- spheric refraction delay is proposed:the determined data of the astronomical atmospheric refraction values with different azimuths are utilized to find the refractivity and the param- eters of mapping functions for modeling the atmospheric refraction delay correction,which changes with the observing stations and azimuths.

根据云南天文台低纬子午环的特殊结构，和测定大气折射的实践，提出了提高折射延迟改正精度的新方法，即：利用各观测站不同方位从天顶附近直到低地平高度角的天文大气折射实测数据，求解得到折射率差和映射函数的参数，从而建立随测站和随方位而异的大气折射延迟改正模型。

The new electromagnetic properties of negative index material such as converse Cerenkov radiation and converse Doppler effect,negative refraction index and perfect lens are analyzed and explained by using basic electromagnetic theory.

从基本的电磁场理论出发，分析和解释负折射物质的电磁特性，以及负折射物质中的逆Cerenlov现象、逆Doppler现象、负折射率和完美透镜的工作原理，帮助人们更加清楚地认识负折射物质的本质特性，更好地开发和应用好负折射物质。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。