抗药性的

I have engaged in the research of rice stripe blight control for many years in Shanghai farm and found some problems: though there were some reports of research on rice stripe blight resistance, strategy of prevention and cure for the disease has been face to farmer mainly, while geographical location, cultivars and cultivation system adopted on the Farm all affect the effect of control. On the other hand, our Farm has paid attention to the chemical prevention and cure for rice stripe blight and ignored other measures. As for the chemical prevention and cure, phenomenon of drug-resistance and bad effect of prevention and cure existed usually.

本人在上海农场多年从事该课题研究过程中发现的问题：目前对水稻条纹叶枯病研究的报道较多，在防治对策上主要是针对农户，缺乏关于农场地域因素、品种、栽培制度等因素对水稻条纹叶枯病发生及防治的影响的报道；在水稻条纹叶枯病的防治上，农场仍是以化学防治为主，对其他防治措施还不够重视；在化学防治过程中，存在抗药性、防效不佳等问题。

But it is not widely used in parasitology.

目前，该技术在寄生虫学研究中的应用不是很多，主要应用在寻找与寄生虫不同发育阶段相关的差异表达基因和与寄生虫抗药性相关的差异表达基因以及其他相关基因的研究，如与不同虫株、不同宿主、或性别差异相关的基因。

The objectives of this study were 1 to investigate the positive rate of salmonellosis of hens and fresh eggs in central Taiwan; 2 to idethntify the antimicrobial resistance, serotyping, and associated risk factors of the Salmonella isolates; 3 to provide a protocol for control of Salmonellosis.

本研究藉由调查中部地区蛋鸡的沙门氏菌之阳性率，同时也对生鲜的鸡蛋进行检测，所得到的沙门氏菌菌株再进行抗生素的抗药性试验、血清分型及相关的危险因子分析，藉此提供未来拟订沙门氏菌控制计画的参考。

With this notion in mild, we can appreciate the importance of maxillary sinus puncture in documenting microbiology of pediatric rhinosinusitis. By this methodology, we demonstrated that α-hemolytic streptococcus, Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumonia, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus are the major organisms found in pediatric rhinosinusitis. We also demonstrate a different pattern of antibiotic resistance when comparing to previous studies performed in both children and adults.

有了这样的概念，便可以知道上颌窦穿刺在儿童鼻及鼻窦炎致病菌培养上的重要性，采用这一方法，我们得到的结果显示小儿慢性鼻及鼻窦炎培养出的主要菌株为α-hemolytic streptococcus，Hemophilus influenzae，Streptococcus pneumonia，coagulase-negative Staphylococcus以及Staphylococcus aureus，除了与成人慢性鼻窦炎的菌株不同外，也显示了与先前类似研究不同的抗生素抗药性形态。

Despite the poor response rates in the chemotherapy-alone group, Dr. Burstein believes that metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab should be investigated further, given the tolerability of the agents and the preclinical rationale for efficacy. When asked why cyclophosphamide and methotrexate were selected for metronomic chemotherapy, he observed that many patients in this setting are already somewhat chemotherapy-resistant.

尽管只接受化学疗法的病患反应率很低，Burstein医师相信节律性化学疗法加上bevacizumab应该进一步研究，因为该药物的耐受性良好，而且临床前实验认为是有效的；当被问到为什麼选择cyclophosphamide与methotrexate作为节律性化学疗法的药物，他观察发现，许多病患在这个时候已经对许多化学疗法产生抗药性。

But, said Dr. Moatti, lack of adherence and risk of resistance doesn't stop the use of the antiretroviral medication in resource-rich countries."We are applying a double standard to Africa," he said, despite studies in C te d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Uganda "that demonstrate that viral resistance and nonadherence to treatment are no greater problems in cohorts of patients in Africa than in developed countries."

Moatti博士表示，缺少服药顺应性和产生抗性的危险并未是让资源丰富的国家停止使用抗逆转录病毒药物的主要原因，我们正以双重标准评估非洲，除了在Cote d'Ivoire、塞内加尔，和乌干达的研究显示非洲病毒的抗药性及对於治疗的不顺从性并不亚於已开发国家。

But, said Dr. Moatti, lack of adherence and risk of resistance doesn't stop the use of the antiretroviral medication in resource-rich countries."We are applying a double standard to Africa," he said, despite studies in C te d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Uganda "that demonstrate that viral resistance and nonadherence to treatment are no greater problems in cohorts of patients in Africa than in developed countries."

Moatti博士表示，缺少服药顺应性和产生抗性的危险并未是让资源丰富的国家停止使用抗逆转录病毒药物的主要原因，我们正以双重标准评估非洲，除了在Cote d'Ivoire、塞内加尔，和乌干达的研究显示非洲病毒的抗药性及对于治疗的不顺从性并不亚于已开发国家。

Previous study showed that over-expression of PICK1 in human leukemia REH cells rendered a higher resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis through a recruitment of PKC alpha which resulted in maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, an enhanced phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein at Ser70, and inhibition of Bax dimerization.

在本实验室先前的研究，於人类血癌REH细胞中过度表现PICK1蛋白质，PICK1能够藉由招揽蛋白激酶C alpha至粒线体上，引起Bcl-2磷酸化程度提高，抑制Bax蛋白二聚体的形成，进而稳定粒线体的膜电位，以至於细胞对於化疗药物etoposide引起的程式凋亡具有抗药性。

In this study, samples were taken during the period November 2005 to March 2007. Of total of 1109 dogs sampled, 168 Salmonella spp. were isolated, 16.0% were positive for Salmonella spp. of stray dogs; 7.4% of household dogs were positive for salmonellae. Salmonella Newport (16.7%) and Enteritids (10.7%) was the most prevalent serotype. Additionally, the result of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 99.4% of isolated strains (167/168) were resist to one or more than one antibiotic.

因此为了探讨台湾中部地区犬只沙门氏菌感染的情形，本次调查於2005年11月至2007年3月针对中部地区5个县市的收容所犬只及家犬进行调查，共采集样本1109个样本，分离出168株沙门氏菌，其中收容所犬只之总分离率为16.0%；家犬部分分离率为7.4%，血清型部份则以Newport(16.7%)及Enteritids(10.7%)为主；此外，沙门氏菌的药物敏感性试验结果显示高达99.4%(167/168)的菌株对1种或1种以上的抗菌剂产生抗药性。

For example, it might soon be possible for microbiologists to design and produce special pathogens of enhanced lethality, heightened resistance to medical treatment, predictable or controllable effects, or even the ability to infect people selectively, according to specific genetic characteristics.

例如，微生物家们不久可能会研制生产出一些特殊的病原体，它们具有更大的毒性、更强的抗药性，其作用可被预测或控制，甚至还会根据专门的基因特点有选择地感染人群。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。