抗生素

Traditonal treatment include debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics were used after operation,but local ischemia and devitalization of bone and soft tissue occurred when open fracture,drug concentration of local fracture is lower than blood.

常规处理是清创术后全身应用广谱抗生素，在开放性骨折中，由于血运障碍、骨与软组织失活，全身应用抗生素时，骨折局部抗生素浓度往往低于血药浓度，疗效较差而副作用大。

Furthermore, the results of the antibiotics sensitivity test of 38 isolates to 24 kinds antibiotics show that all isolates have presented antibiotic resistance disparately as well as multi-resistance. All isolates are sensitive to Cephalosporins antibiotics and Aminoglycosides antibiotics such as Amikacin, Cefazolin, Cefradine, Cefoperazone, and Ceftriaxone. Thirty-eight isolates are extremely resistant to Penicillins antibiotics, Lincomycins antibiotics, Tetracyclines antibiotics and Macrolides antibiotics such as Midecamycine, Lincomycin, Carbenicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin and so on. Antibiotics sensitivity test provides guidance for antibiotic application and scientific foundation from poultry farms.

按世界卫生组织推荐的Kirby-Bauer菌液涂布法对38株大肠杆菌进行24种抗生素的药物敏感性试验，结果表明：38株大肠杆菌均有不同程度的耐药，而且均表现多重耐药；较为敏感的抗生素是头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素，其中以阿米卡星、头孢唑啉、头孢拉定、头孢哌酮和头孢三嗪最为敏感；对青霉素类抗生素、林可胺类抗生素、四环素类抗生素和大环内酯类抗生素耐药严重，其中以麦迪霉素、林可霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素和阿莫西林耐药性最为严重；药物敏感试验为保定、秦皇岛和北京三个地区养鸡业提供科学的用药指南，为药物防治提供科学依据。

The abuse of antibiotic is endangering people's health, owing to it will make more and more pathogenic bacteria drug-fast , with the result that some day there might be no effective antibiotics for use at all.

抗生素的滥用，正在危及人民的健康，因为滥用抗生素会使越来越多的病源性细菌具有抗药性，结果是有一天可能会全无有效的抗生素可用。

The development of antibiotics agents and β-lactam antibiotics were briefly described in this paper, both the development of cephalosporins and the characteristics of Cefradine were introduced.

本论文简述了抗生素及β—内酰胺类抗生素的发展概况，详细介绍了头孢菌素类抗生素的进展与第一代头孢菌素类药物——头孢拉定的特点，着重研究了头孢拉定的合成。

Therapeutic effect in both groups was observed 7,14 days later.results there was no significant difference in clinical effective rate, healing state of the ulcer and blood sugar index between two groups (p＞0.05).the treatment group was superior to control group in amelioration of acroanesthesia, pain, skin temperature,skin color,a/b index (p＜0.05).the effect of improving the pulse of dorsal artery of foot in both groups was not certain.the patients in both groups were well tolerant,except for part of patients with adverse reactions of mild or moderate degree.conclusion the clinical efficacy and safety of clearing heat and removing dampness method is similar to that of routine administration of antibiotics in treating diabetic foot infection.the former is superior to antibiotics in improving clinical symptoms.

结果 2组临床有效率、溃疡愈合状况、血糖指标等比较差异无显著意义(p＞0.05)。清热利湿药物联合抗生素在改善糖尿病足麻木、疼痛、皮温、皮色、踝/肱指数等方面优于单用抗生素(p＜0.05)。2组治疗前后足背动脉搏动方面疗效不确切。除了部分轻、中度患者病情波动外，治疗期间均有良好的耐受。结论在治疗糖尿病足感染方面，清热利湿方与通常应用的抗生素疗效相近，在改善症状方面优于抗生素。

ObjectiveTo develop the bone-implanted calcium sulfate/polylactic acid/gentamycin delivery system using composite of citrated calcium sulfate and polylactic acid as an antibiotic delivery matrix and to evaluate its biocompatibility.

局部植入型抗生素释放系统治疗骨感染具有传统治疗方法不可比拟的优点，而可降解型抗生素释放系统因载体材料可降解，抗生素释放完全，疗效好，为理想的抗生素释放系统[1]。

The primary cause of antibiotic- associated diarrhea was applying antibiotic. When the gerontal patient ,which had applied antibiotic for long time, appeared diarrhea, antibiotic- associated diarrhea was considered at first.

抗生素应用是引起抗生素相关性腹泻的主要原因，对长期大量使用抗生素的老年患者出现腹泻现象时，首先应考虑是否为抗生素相关性腹泻。

Choose medicaments correctly, reasonable use medicaments, in order to make sure with medicine safety is mixed effective will be henceforth the main task that clinical medicine learns, for solution control hospital the clinical current situation that use drug reachs existence issue, promote the development of the reasonable job that use drug, raise a hospital reasonable the level that uses drug, the prescription of two place has outpatient service of author general hospital, be in hospital analytic research, summary goes out unreasonable a few big states that use drug, undertake classified at the same time. 1 clinical unreasonable with medical analysis each division all applies 1 abuse of 1 · or antibiotic of blind application antibiotic extensively, utilization rate amounts to 70% above, among them couplet is used rate be as high as 40%, appear even 2 couplet, triplex above, the commonnest abuse is infection of the upper respiratory tract, be admitted to hospital give 2~3 to plant antibiotic cure. 1 · of 1 · 1 without point to this kind to the cure that ask for uses drug unreasonable with medicine main show is in the person that the virus sex appeal such as hepatitis of sex of common cold, chicken pox, berpes zoster, virus is caught, in infection of not amalgamative bacterium, point to without what apply antibiotic ask for next using medicine. Incontrollable virus affects antibiotic, increase hepatic burden instead to patient of virus sex hepatitis.

梗概： 正确选择药物，并合理使用药物，以保证用药平安和有效是今后临床药学的重要任务，为了解把握医院临床用药目前状况及存在新问题，推动合理用药工作的发展，提高医院合理用药的水平，笔者将医院门诊、住院两处的处方进行分析探究，总结出不合理用药的几大状况，同时进行分类。1临床不合理用药的分析1·1滥用或盲目应用抗生素抗生素各科均广泛应用，使用率达70%以上，其中联用率高达40%，甚至出现二联、三联以上，最常见滥用为上呼吸道感染，入院给予2~3种抗生素治疗。1·1·1无指征的治疗用药这类不合理用药主要表现在普通感冒、水痘、带状疱疹、病毒性肝炎等病毒性感染者，在未合并细菌感染，无应用抗生素的指征下用药。

In the method, the polyclonal antibodies are obtained by utilizing syntactic quinoxalone antibiotics multi-cluster antigen immunization; the coupling compound of the half antigen of the quinoxalone antibiotics and an egg-white protein OVA is taken as an envelope antigen; the quinoxalone antibiotics is taken as a standard; the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immune detection method for the quinoxalone antibiotics in animal food is established; a rapid and high efficient detection means is provided for the residues of the quinoxalone antibiotics in the animal food; because the polyclonal antibodies are adopted, the cost is low, and the stability and the repeatability are good; the detection limit (IC is smaller than 90) is 0.0126 ng/ml, the median inhibitory dose (IC is smaller than 50) is 0.52 ng/ml, and the detection range (IC is smaller than 20 to 80) is 0.04467 to 14 ng/ml.

本发明利用合成的喹诺酮类抗生素多簇抗原免疫得到多克隆抗体，以喹诺酮类抗生素半抗原与卵清蛋白OVA的偶联物作为包被抗原，以喹诺酮类抗生素为标准品，建立动物性食品中的喹诺酮类抗生素的间接竞争酶联免疫检测方法；为喹诺酮类抗生素在动物性食品中的残留检测提供了快速高效的检测手段，由于采用的是多克隆抗体，费用较低并且稳定性和重复性较好，检测限(IC 90 )为0.0126ng/ml、半数抑制量(IC 50 )为0.54ng/ml和检测范围(IC 20 ～IC 80 )为0.04467～14ng/ml。

Methods One hundred and twentythree patients with severe pneumonia were divied into two groups,the second level antibiotics were used in control group untill children cured;sequential antibiotic therapy was adopted in observation group:the second level antibiotics were used first of all,after the complications were controled for 1～3 days,the first level antibiotics were used until children cured.

123例重症肺炎患儿分为2组，对照组在第2级选用抗菌谱宽、耐酶的抗生素，应用到患儿痊愈；观察组采用抗生素序贯疗法，首先在第2级选择抗生素，在重症肺炎的并发症控制后1～3 d，再在第1级中选择抗菌谱窄或不耐酶抗生素，直至痊愈。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。