投资银行

At the initial stage and some extent of development, venture capital investors recommend small enterprises to banks by their strength and credit, introduce banks' services and capital to change imbalanced structure of banks' loan. At the same time, it can make venture capital have the biggest leverage effect.

在小企业发展初期和发展到一定程度后，利用风险投资自身的实力和信用，向银行推荐小企业，引入银行的服务和信贷资金，改善银行信贷结构失衡问题，同时也可以使风险投资得到最大的杠杆效应。

Commercial banks allowed to sponsor funds management companies, they can develop funds activities on the condition that groups undertake mixed-operation while its funds filiation only can undertake its own activities. In fact, this is an important act for Chinese commercial banks to impulse to commingle all kinds of activities. Also, this act should be favorable to healthy capital market's developing and financial reform deepening. In addition, this act makes sense to change unbalance financing structure, the single assets structure of commercial banks, and to improve the international competition strength of Chinese financial industry.

允许商业银行投资设立基金管理公司，商业银行在"集团混业"、"公司分业"的条件下开展自营投资基金业务，是提高中国银行业综合竞争能力的一项重要举措，有利于促进资本市场健康发展，也有利于促进金融改革的深化；并且，对于解决我国当前融资格局失衡，改变商业银行较为单一的资产结构，提高金融业的国际竞争力，具有重要的意义。

Any bank or insurance company; any savings and loan association, building and loan association, cooperative bank, homestead association, or similar institution, or any receiver, conservator, liquidator, liquidating agent, or similar official or person thereof or therefor; or any common trust fund or similar fund maintained by a bank exclusively for the collective investment and reinvestment of moneys contributed thereto by the bank in its capacity as a trustee, executor, administrator, or guardian

ICA第3(3)豁免了任何银行或保险公司，任何储蓄和贷款协会，建筑和贷款协会，合作银行，宅基协会或类似机构，或任何接收人、监护人、清算人、清算代理、或类似的此类高级职员或个人；任何由银行管理、仅用作集体投资和再投资的共同信托基金或类似的基金，其中基金是由银行在其能力范围内作为受托人、执行人、管理人或监护人提供的。

In recent years, domestic orgnaization participates in the pace of PE market to be accelerated stage by stage, the letter in be opposite, medium after gold casts pilot certificate business twice to evaluate continuously, card inspect can announce to will enlarge pilot limits moderately again, what the stockjobber that allows to accord with a condition can apply for to begin direct investment professional work to Chinese card inspect is pilot; And how does the commercial bank also participate in PE domain in active exploration, be versed in Jiang Jianqing shows a president, the commercial bank should run business to accelerate development capital, the bank must extend its equity to invest the investment space of the domain such as fund further.

近年来，国内机构参与PE市场的步伐逐步加快，在对中信、中金两家直投试点券商评估后，证监会又公布将适度扩大试点范围，答应符合条件的证券公司向中国证监会申请开展直接投资业务的试点；而商业银行也在积极探索如何参与到PE领域，工行董事长姜建清表示，商业银行要为加快发展资产治理业务，银行必须进一步拓展其股权投资基金等领域的投资空间。

Beside the introduction, concerning the background and meaning of selected title, several studying prerequisites and assumptions, the contents and structure, the train of thought and method, domestic and international research overview and document reviewing, etc. this text divides three chapters altogether, its main content is as follows: the inevitability of developing commercial nonproprietary mutual funds, the superiority analysis of this fund, and what is and how to manage the latent difficulties operating this fund, etc.

除前言对选题背景与意义、研究的若干前提与假设、研究的思路与方法、国内外研究概况与文献回顾以及论文的基本结构等内容进行阐述外，本文共分三章，其主要研究涉及：商业银行发展自营投资基金的必然性，商业银行自营投资基金的优势及面临的问题的分析、对商业银行发展自营投资基金业务的建议，等等。

Which are used as an important basis of investment decision and risk controlling and management in later phases. But former studies made by many research institutions mainly focused on investment estimates of industrial projects and cost controlling of individual projects. It is looked as a weak aspect for the whole real estate industry that the accuracy of project investment estimates is too lower to meet the permissible error regulated by the government in feasibility research phrase. Overestimate is a very common phenomenon, which will undoubtedly be a barrier for smoothly increasing of real estate industry.

但是，长期以来，具体进行投资估算的主体是房地产开发企业和咨询公司，而银行等金融机构、风险投资机构和投资人、政府相关管理部门、行业协会在房地产市场逐渐规范，竞争越来越激烈的背景下，银行等金融机构、政府相关管理部门等也都需要在商业地产项目的前期阶段，特别是初步可行性研究阶段对项目的总投资估算有较为客观、真实的了解，以作为下一步投资决策、风险控制和管理的重要依据。

The conclusion established some ways to improve the credit risk management such as optimize the national-owned enterprises and commercial banks operation structure; establish new relationship between banks and corporations; optimize bank's internal control system; balancing corporate financing ways, eliminate corporate over-dependency on bank's credit assets, and remove information asymmetric contributed by credit sales.

本文在分析和评述国内外银行信贷资产安全性相关理论的基础上，对银行信贷资产安全性与流动性、盈利性之间的关系、信贷资产安全性的概念、分类进行了界定和分析，在对影响商业银行信贷资产安全性共性因素和我国信贷资产安全性现状进行深入剖析的基础上，紧密结合中国银行业的实际，结合信息经济学、行为金融学的有关理论从产权制度、公司治理结构、融资行为、投资行为、内部控制等方面深入分析了借款企业行为、商业银行行为、政府行为及社会信用环境对信贷资产安全性的影响机理，特别是重点分析了信息不对称条件下商业银行信贷资产安全性生成机理，较系统、全面地论述了影响我国商业银行信贷资产安全性的特殊因素，并运用logistic等统计方法进行信贷资产安全性判别进行了实证研究，构建了我国商业银行信贷资产安全性判别模型，最后在此基础上提出了不断健全完善公司治理结构，树立市场化的新型银企关系；完善商业银行内部控制制度，强化内控执行机制；优化企业融资模式，降低企业对商业银行信贷资金的过度依赖；有效缓解商业银行信贷经营活动中面临的信息不对称程度等加强商业银行信贷资产安全性管理和控制的措施与建议。

Trade, consumer electronic products trade, power station equipment trade. Trade in services and industrial investment areas, Afro-Asian International Group, its frequent use of foreign exchanges, with the civil business built up good cooperation relationship and personal connections as well as the perfect professional services, engage in exchange of cultural performances, exhibition services, Business States to study business travel, project management consulting, the World Bank Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank and other international financial institutions, project contracting loans, government grants foreign aid project contracting, the introduction of U.S. venture capital patent production of civilian sensors, and the International Geothermal Association Cooperation in the geothermal resources development and utilization, engineering supervision and six Indian companies for electricity power station in India Highway Advisory sewage treatment project tender, with the Indian national and local chambers of commerce to engage in trade consultation, and cooperation between the Confederation of Indian Industry Exhibition Services, and the Federation of Indian mining and mineral owners Orissa iron ore trade cooperation between the agents, and Iraq Alebier Construction Group cooperation in the cement exports, with the London Metal Exchange members of discarded rail trade cooperation with Ghana Minerals Association and the Sierra Leone Diamond Research Center, Shajin agreement agent and the diamond trade, and the Congo and Zambia Copper Company Acting copper and electrolytic copper trade, Kazakhstan, Nigeria and Russia Acting Saudi oil trade in Malaysia Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia Amorco, Russia Trasnneft, Rusneft, Gasplome, Nigeria NPOC, Kazakhstan OSCJ, Iran's NOIC, Malaysian Petronas, Venezuela VNOC, Cyprus HANS OIL maintain good relations of cooperation, and nearly 100 more than the global oil agent and the channel exchanges sharing resources ......

在服务贸易和实业投资领域，亚非国际集团利用其频繁的对外交流，与各国政府民间商业界建立起来的良好合作关系和人脉关系以及完美的专业服务，从事文化演出交流活动、会展服务，赴各国商务考察商务旅游，项目管理咨询，世界银行亚洲开发银行非洲开发银行等国际金融机构工程承包贷款项目，政府赠款援外项目工程承包，引入美国风险投资专利生产民用传感器，与国际地热协会理事合作进行地热资源的开发和利用，与印度六家工程监理公司合作进行印度电力电站高速公路污水处理项目的咨询招标，与印度国家和地方商会合作从事贸易咨询，与印度工业联合会合作进行会展服务，与印度矿业联合会以及奥里萨邦矿业业主合作进行铁矿石贸易代理，与伊拉克阿勒比尔建工集团合作从事水泥建材出口，与英国伦敦金属交易所成员合作进行废旧钢轨贸易，与加纳矿产协会以及塞拉利昂钻石研究中心协议代理沙金和钻石贸易，与刚果赞比亚铜业公司代理铜矿和电解铜贸易，代理沙特尼日利亚俄罗斯哈萨克斯坦马来西亚印尼原油贸易，与沙特Amorco，俄罗斯Trasnneft， Rusneft， Gasplome，尼日利亚NPOC，哈萨克斯坦OSCJ，伊朗NOIC，马来西亚Petronas，委内瑞拉VNOC，塞浦路斯HANS OIL 保持良好合作关系，与全球近100多家石油代理商和渠道商往来密切资源共享。。。。。。

In accordance with bond investment theory, by means of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, this paper makes research on the historical bond investment strategy of A City Commercial Bank and analyzes the bond investment strategy that resulted in the fall-down of bond's current price and causes inside and outside.

商业银行特别是中小商业银行有必要将科学的投资管理理念深入下去，作为投资管理程序中重要的投资策略选择问题是关系到商业银行债券资产运营成败的关键问题，应该引起足够重视。

The Bank had also kept good relationship with many international organizations, such as Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, West African Development Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, International Financial Association, etc.

与花旗银行、摩根大通银行、巴克莱银行、德意志银行、法国巴黎银行、东京三菱银行、汇丰银行、瑞穗实业银行、瑞士银行集团、美林集团、高盛集团、大和SMBC株式会社、野村证券等众多著名国际金融机构以及亚洲开发银行、非洲开发银行、西非开发银行、多边投资担保机构、国际金融协会等国际组织保持着密切往来，高层互访不断，为进一步拓宽业务合作提供了良好的保证。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新