批判

Author believes that circumfuse the criticism for Fascist,"western Marxism" has three models: institution criticism, mentality criticism and social relationship criticism. Furthermore, during the procedure of criticism, they demonstrated that traditional bourgeois democracy exists defect naturally. So that, it maid develop to a completely opposite result.

笔者认为围绕对法西斯主义的批判，"西方马克思主义"有三个思路或模式，即：制度批判、心理批判和社会关系批判；并且正是在批判的过程中，他们表明了传统的资产阶级民主具有内在的缺陷从而可能走向反面。

This paper, prefaced by interpretation of Habermas' reason, tries to disclose essential decline of this critique as a theory of values. First, its reduction to sociology leads to its disjuncture with natural law; second, it lacks normal vision to measure the reason of law in its theoretical statements and social critiques; third, it seriously underestimates the legitimate basis of modern Western social regimes; and fourth, it takes aesthetic value criticism to replace legal critiques.

本文以哈贝马斯的省思为引导，揭示这种批判作为价值论设的根本失落：一、它的社会学还原导致其与自然法的纽带发生断裂；二、在理论陈述和社会批判中缺失打量法理性的规范性视野；三、严重低估西方现代社会体制的合法性基础；四、以审美主义的价值批判取代法理批判。

Feuerbach 's critique of religion is not merely a continuation of his early critique of philosophy

费尔巴哈的宗教批判不仅是其早期哲学批判的延续，而且以《基督教的本质》为代表的宗教批判的真正精义就是哲学批判，是对黑格尔思辨哲学的批判

According to the author, the so-called "private language argument" which appears in Philosophische Untersuchungen can only be fruitfully understood in the context of Wittgenstein's critique of the "phenomenological language" which appears in The Big Typescript and which essentially constitutes the prototype of the former.

本书认为，只有在透彻解读维氏在《大打字稿》中所作出的"现象学语言"批判的前提下，《哲学研究》对于"私人语言"的批判才能得到富有成果的理解（因为前一种批判其实就已构成了后一种批判的雏形）。

In the process of analyzing, Bauman animadverts both on the modernity and postmodernity. What does he want? In another word, what is it that Bauman has been in pursuit of?

在鲍曼建构&现代性&与&后现代性&的含义和理论的过程中，鲍曼使用的是批判的手段，这种批判既包括对&现代性&的批判，同时也包括对&后现代性&的反思和批判，而批判的结果是鲍曼的真实的价值诉求。

Marx s theory of city criticism is mainly about the philosophized critical analysis of a pedigree chart of city problems in the light of interaction between city and capital in the time of capital globalization .

马克思恩格斯把市民社会批判和资本化大生产批判作为城市批判的内在逻辑，把两大阶级之间的社会冲突问题，居住正义问题，城乡对立问题，生产和消费的关系问题等等作为市民社会批判和资本化大生产批判这种内在逻辑的外在表现，从而勾画出一幅完整的城市批判理论的图画。

This part is important to point out the Practical Dialectics of revolution that the contents are perceptual activity of human, the critical object is the capital what is abstract entity. This part unmasks the critical double dimensions of the historical concept in Marx. This part not only critiques the"philosophical ideology"of"beyond history", but also critiques the eternal myth of capital society that is non-history. This part reveals the Spiritual Essence of"new materialism"that unified the philosophical critics in Marx and critics of social reality.

重点指出了马克思以&感性的人的活动&及其历史发展为内容、以&抽象的存在&——&资本&为批判对象的革命实践辩证法，彰显了马克思历史观的双重批判维度，既批判了&超历史&的&哲学意识形态&，又批判了资本主义社会&非历史的&的永恒神话，从而真实揭示了马克思哲学批判与社会现实批判相统一的&新唯物主义&精神实质。

He could have such influence because: first, there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement; second, it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism; third, the focus of his criticism, which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view, was mainly the l7th-l8th century historicism, especially the dogmatic, vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory; last but not the least, Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way, the more easily understandable and acceptable way, in his criticism.

究其原因，我认为这首先与国际共产主义运动的理论与实践本身存在严重问题有关；其次与他批判的特点有关－用貌似纯科学的方法作纯学术的批判；三是其批判锋芒所指虽然也包括马克思主义的唯物史观，但主要是指17-18世纪历史决定论，特别是指被教条化、庸俗化和曲解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的原因是，马克思主义的历史决定论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批判主要运用的是形式逻辑和自然科学的方法，这样的逻辑和方法是人们通常比较容易理解和接受的方法。

He could have such influence because:first,there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement;second,it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism;third,the focus of his criticism, which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view,was mainly the 17th-18th century historicism,especially the dogmatic,vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory;last but not the least,Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way,the more easily understandable and acceptable way,in his criticism.

究其原因，我认为这首先与国际共产主义运动的理论与实践本身存在严重问题有关；其次与他批判的特点有关用貌似纯科学的方法作纯学术的批判；三是其批判锋芒所指虽然也包括马克思主义的唯物史观，但主要是指17—18世纪历史决定论，特别是指被教条化、庸俗化和曲解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的原因是，马克思主义的历史决定论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批判主要运用的是形式逻辑和自然科学的方法，这样的逻辑和方法是人们通常比较容易理解和接受的方法。

This thesis investigates how instructional leaders at the Windhoek College of Education make sense of their roles. The Windhoek College of Education was selected for this study because that is where I work, therefore it would be easy to observe some of the responses provided by the interviewees.

本研究以发展「批判思考师资培育模式」为主要目的，并根据此模式发展出不同的批判思考课程，探讨在不同课程设计下对於提升职前教师批判思考技巧、意向与批判思考教学能力之效果，并根据职前教师所书写之心得，探讨课程中有助於提升批判思考技巧与意向之内容、活动以及需改进之处。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。