扰动

The lift and the Strouhal number varied with different Reynolds numbers and the wave steepness are also obtained.

并且得到了随不同Reynolds数和扰动幅度变化的升力和Strouhal数。

When the power system load in a small disturbance, the system itself to maintain the stability of the power transmission capacity, the use of automatic excitation regulator device may reduce the reactance of the generator, and then further to maintain the transformer high-voltage bus voltage constant, so compensation not only its own reactor, but also compensation for the step-up transformer reactance, thus greatly improving the power limits of generators, which greatly increased the static stability of power system.

当电力系统的负载发生微小的扰动时，系统本身保持稳定送电的能力，使用自动励磁调节装置，则可减小发电机的电抗，再进一步维持变压器高压母线的电压恒定，这样不仅完全补偿了自身的电抗，而且还补偿了升压变压器的电抗，这样就大大提高了发电机的极限功率，即大大地提高了电力系统的静态稳定。

In order to verify the prediction efficiency, 27 interplanetary shock events from January 1979 to June 1982 and 68 interplanetary shock events from February 1997 to January 2000 are used for testing. Comparing the results of our disturbance model to those obtained by STOA and ISPM, we find that our disturbance model is as good as the other two models, and in some cases even better.

为印证扰动传播模型的适用性，利用79年到82年间的27个激波事件，以及97年2月到2000年1月间的68个激波事件，对激波到达地球轨道附近的传播时间进行了预测，并将结果与目前流行的行星际激波事件到达地球轨道时间的STOA和ISPM预报模型所得结果进行了比较。

The disturbance model can give the prediction for all the 95 shock events, while STOA model works for 89 events and ISPM model for only 72 events. We arrive at 25.26% percentage of all the 95 events with the relative time error less than 10%, 50.53% of all the events with the relative time error less than 20%, 65.26% of all the events with the relative time error less than 30%, 31.58% of all the events with the relative time error between 60%~80

实验表明，我们的模型在所有95个事件中，渡越时间相对误差小于10％的事件数占总事件数的25.26％；相对误差小于20％的占总事件数的50.53％；相对误差小于30％的占总事件的65.26％；相对误差在30％～60％的之间的事件数有30个，占总事件的31.58％；有3个事件相对误差在60％～80％之间，没有哪个事件相对误差大于80％。95个事件中我们的扰动传播模型能对所有事件进行分析给出预报值，STOA模型能给出89个预报值，而ISPM模型则只能给出72个。

Then, the stochastic approximation method is applied to determine the optimal control parameters.

应用扰动分析法得到性能指标对控制参数的灵敏度估计，并证明了估计的无偏性，又利用随机逼近技术优化控制参数。

In each period, without the knowledge of the distribution function of the time between failures and the repair time, the PA estimate of gradient of performance function is put into the stochastic approximation algorithm which recursively optimize the threshold value of the flow control model in a manufacturing system.

在分析过程中，对故障时间和工作时间的分布不做任何假设，利用自适应控制的思想，将整个样本路径依据一定的规则分成有限长的时间段，在每一段时间内用扰动分析估计目标函数的样本导数，然后用随机逼近算法渐进地估计流程控制问题中的最优阈值，从而实现了阈值的自适应控制。

The hybrid optimization algorithm is employed to solve the models where the membership functions of loan return rates are complex.The algorithm integrates fuzzy simulation,neural network,genetic algorithm and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm.

对于贷款收益率的隶属函数比较复杂的情况，应用集成模糊模拟、神经网络、遗传算法和同步扰动随机逼近算法的混合优化算法求解模型。

The hybrid optimization algorithm was employed to solve the models where the membership functions of loan return rates were complex. The algorithm integrated fuzzy simulation, neural network, genetic algorithm and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm.

对于贷款收益率的隶属函数比较复杂的情况，应用集成模糊模拟、神经网络、遗传算法和同步扰动随机逼近算法的混合优化算法求解模型。

Quasi Hamiltonian system; nonlinear stochastic optimal control; robustness; robust control; parametric uncertainty; uncertain disturbance; Bouc-Wen hysteretic system; Preisach hysteretic system; minimax optimal control; stochastic stabilization; stochastic averaging method; stochastic dynamical programming principle; stochastic differential game; maximal Lyapunov exponent

国家自然科学基金；拟Hamilton系统；非线性随机最优控制；鲁棒性；鲁棒控制；参数不确定性；不确定扰动； Bouc-Wen滞迟系统； Preisach滞迟系统；极小极大最优控制；随机稳定化；随机平均法；随机动态规划原理；随机微分对策；最大Lyapunov指数

Thirdly, under the condition with noαpriori smoothness, in order to obtain the optimal convergence rates, it is not practical to use theαpriori rule. And it is necessary to use the a posteriori stopping rule which not only depends on the error boundδbut also on the perturbed data y~δ.

再次，在没有先验的光滑性信息情况下，为了获得最优收敛速率，利用先验选取准则则变得不再实用，而利用不仅依赖于误差界δ而且依赖于扰动数据y~δ的后验停止准则是必要的。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。