扰动

The results of numerical experiments, using the four-dimensional variational data assimilation system of the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5, show that: the tangent linear model and adjoint model conducted by keeping the "on-off" switches the same as the basic state, can provide a good approximation of the first-order information to the NLM perturbation and a good descent direction for the minimization procedure; switching on and off at every other time step in the Kuo cumulus parameterization scheme don"t impact the convergence rate of cost function; the existence of the switches don"t impact improvement to the MM5 model rainfall prediction because that not only specific humidity ,but also wind, temperature and pressure are assimilated into the model.

非静力中尺度数值模式MM5的四维变分资料同化系统进行的数值试验结果表明："开关"变量保持与基态一致，所构造的切向线性模式能够提供关于非线性模式扰动的一阶近似，伴随模式所计算的梯度值能够为最小化过程提供较好的下降方向；郭氏降水参数化方案中对流每隔一个积分步的交替发生并不影响目标函数最小化的收敛速度；"开关"变量的存在也不影响将风、温度、气压和比湿结合起来同化对MM5降水预报准确性的提高。

A tropical disturbance NNW of Guam developed into a tropical depression and was denoted by 22W by JTWC.

一个在关岛西北偏北的扰动今晚增强为热带低气压，并被给予临时编号 22W。

Noll. From the irradiance distribution in two defocal planes, one in front of focal plane and the other behind, with a given detector array the elements of response matrix for each normalized term of Zernike polynomials can be obtained. For an incoming atmospheric disturbed random wavefront, with its irradiance distribution detected in two defocal planes and the response matrix, it is easy to solve the corresponding Zernike term coefficients of incoming wavefront and reconstruct the detected one.

Noll建议的Zernike多项式表征经大气扰动的入瞳处的光学波前畸变；求出由两个离焦面上的光强分布决定的归一化Zernike项在特定形状的探测器上的响应矩阵；由响应矩阵和入瞳处的波前在两个离焦面上的光强分布，求出其Zernike项的系数，从而实现波前的探测和重构。

The original optimal control problem is transformed into a sequence of nonhomogeneous linear two-point boundary value problems.

研究状态变量含有时滞的线性离散系统在正弦扰动下的前馈－反馈最优减振控制问题。

The market firstly reacts negatively toward an applicant with higher level of nonrecurring gains while later makes a significantly positive adjustment when the applicant finally withdraws the ST, suggesting that the regulation without an explicit requirement on the nature of earnings disturbs a rational market expectation; and (2) after the institutionalization i.e.

而制度化之后（2002-2004年间），ST公司年报公布日的市场反应与非经常性利得幅度之间原本的显著负相关关系消失，摘帽宣告日的市场反应与非经常性利得幅度之间原本的显著正相关关系也不再存在，这些都意味着制度化之前的监管不完备对市场造成的扰动得以缓解，因此对更广泛的信息使用人具有积极意义。

Rose found a new way called algebraic perturbation method for solving nonsingular linear equations.

Rose在1974年首先提出了用代数扰动的方法求解非奇异线性方程组，随后，L.B。

In this paper, we introduce the estimation and algorithm o f p arameter and some diagnostic statistics. We deduce the computation formula of curvature and conformal normal curvature for four perturbations of models.

本文主要介绍了指数族非线性模型的参数估计及其算法，若干诊断统计量，并将保形法曲率应用到指数族非线性模型中，推导了模型四种扰动方式的曲率和保形法曲率计算公式。

In 1986, R.D.Cook proposed differential geometry to assess local influence of minor perturbations of linear statistical models. Poon and Poon(1999) constructed a conformably invariant curvature , the conformal normal curvature, for the same purpose.

Cook(1986)用微分几何的方法评估了线性统计模型微小扰动的局部影响，Poon and Poon(1999)改进了Cook提出的统计曲率概念，定义了保形法曲率。

Using the seale separation method, the meso-scale structure of Mcc occ- ured near the Delta Area of the Pearl River is studied. It is shown that there is a meso-scale cyclonic circulation at 1000 hpa level and a meso-scale anticyclon at 200 hpa level associated with the Mcc. The axis of the Meso-scale cyclone center tilts northwestward with height, stretching up to 400 hpa level.

用滤波方法分析了一例发生在珠江口附近地区的Mcc的中尺度结构，结果表明，在对流层下部有中尺度的气旋性涡旋与Mcc相应，涡旋的中心轴线随高度向西北方向倾斜，在地面涡旋的上方200hPa层上，是一中尺度的反气旋性涡旋，中尺度的辐合中心和上升运动中心偏于Mcc的西部，扰动温度场也是非对称的，在对流层上部没有中尺度的暖高压。

"You can literally see the shock coming through the undisturbed atmosphere of the red giant star and then the subsequent expansion of that star," Nugent said.

"你可以清楚地看到震波经过那颗红巨星的未被扰动的大气以及随之而来的恒星的膨胀，"纽金特说。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。