扭转应力

The origin、 development and present state of the container ship2. The deformation characters and collapse mode of the container ship3. The basic theory of thin-walled structural mechanics: The bending of the thin-walled beam; The unconstrained torsion of the thin-walled member bar; The constrained torsion of the thin-walled member bar with opening; The constrained of the thin-walled member bar with closed port.4. The calculation of the warp stress in the container ship based on the thin-walled structural mechanics theoryModeling of the hull ladder calculation based on referred mechanics theories of thin-walled member bar, calculation of crankle character of the each section, such as sectional coordinates、 Free twist shear flow、 secondary shear flow、 bend shear flow and so on.

本文主要包括下述六个方面的内容： 1 集装箱船的起源、发展和现状 2 集装箱船变形特征和破坏形式 3 薄壁结构力学的基本理论◇薄壁梁的弯曲；◇薄壁杆件的自由扭转；◇开口薄壁杆件的约束扭转；◇闭口薄壁杆件的约束扭转 4 利用薄壁结构力学理论计算集装箱船的翘曲应力建立船体阶梯计算模型，利用薄壁杆件力学中相关理论，求解各断面单元的弯扭特性，包括：扇性坐标、自由扭转剪流、二次剪流、弯曲剪流等。

There are fourteen chapters, including introduction, plane stress and plane strain, two-dimensional problems in rectangular coordinates, two-dimensional problems in polar coordinates, photoelastic and moire experimental methods, two-dimensional problems in curvilinear coordinates, analysis of stress and strain in three dimensions, general theorems, torsion, bending of bars, axisymmetric stress and deformation in a solid of revolution, thermal stress, the propagation of waves in elastic solid media, at last there is an appendix on the application of finite-difference equations in elasticity.

全书共十四章，包括绪论、平面应力和平面应变、直角坐标中的二维问题、极坐标中的二维问题、光弹性与云纹实验方法、曲线坐标中的二维问题、三维应力和应变问题、一般定理、简单的三维弹性问题、扭转、杆的弯曲、回转体中的轴对称应力和变形、热应力、弹性固体介质中波的传播，最后有一附录，讲述差分方程在弹性理论中的应用。

The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus which can simulate the cyclic stress characteristic of sand on seabed is used to perform experimental tests of loose carbonate sand s with a relative density of 30% subjected to vertical-and-torsional coupling cyclic shear with the rotation of principal stress axes induced by ocean wave.

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭剪多功能剪切仪模拟海洋波浪的加载形式，对相对密度为30%的钙质砂进行了扭转和竖向耦合循环剪切试验，着重研究了复杂应力状态下初始主应力方向角α0和中主应力系数b对钙质砂动强度特性的影响。

The results indicate that multisource fatigue core appear in the axe surface non-metallic inclusion distributing place by bending and retortion circle stress; The crack selevtivity expand to form the fatigue step along inclusion distributing route in the cut stress; The crack celerity expand to form the fatigue striation when puff part adequacy long in the positive stress.

结果表明：辊轴在弯曲、扭转循环应力作用下，表面非金属夹杂物分布位置出现多源疲劳核心；在切向应力作用下裂纹沿夹杂物分布路径选择性扩展构成疲劳台阶；当断面张开部分足够长时，在正向应力作用下发生快速扩展，微观形成疲劳辉纹。

By applying one couple of unit force on two suspension centers based on 3D FEM to calculate their relative displacement, coefficient of torsion displacement, the radial gate s torsional rigidity coefficient is derived; and its stress distribution is analyzed to solve radial gate s torsion problem.

基于空间有限单元法，对闸门吊点施加1对单位力计算出2个吊点的相对位移———闸门扭转挠度系数，进而推算出闸门抗扭刚度系数和单位位移下的应力状态，据此最终解决弧门的扭转问题。并通过某一工程实例的分析计算，表明该方法在生产设计中具有较好的实用性，可以有效地解决弧形闸门的扭转计算问题

Limit,torsion modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture in torsion, and Torsional Strength.

应力-应变图，以测定扭转弹性极限、弹性模量，扭转中的断裂模量和扭转强度。

The influence of the defect on the torsional stiffness and the stress distribution are calculated and analyzed by finite element method. The defect widths range from one-tenth of the femur outer diameter(0.1D) to (0.3D), and defect lengths range from 1D to 5D.

计算结果表明：骨缺损长度为D时，对股骨扭转刚度和剪应力分布的影响较小；骨缺损长度从2D增至4D时扭转刚度急剧减小，而且剪应力的最大值位于骨缺损中心。

Based on the fundamental assumptions of thin-walled structure,bendingand torsion of monosymmetric I-section thin-walled curved beams with smalldeformation were studied in detail.

从薄壁构件的基本假设出发，对薄壁曲梁小变形时的弯曲与扭转进行了详尽的分析，首次得出了单轴对称工形截面曲梁的翘曲位移、正应力、剪应力、应力合力以及适用于各种荷载作用的控制方程的精确表达。

After the relation between the torsion moment and the torsion angle, then the relation between the compliance of the loading system and the crack length are obtained, the compliance method has been used to obtain the energy release rate, and from that the stress intensity factor has been obtained.

通过求解弹性力学的夹层截面扭转问题进行应力分析，求得试件的扭矩和扭转角的关系以及加载系统的柔度C和裂纹长度a的函数关系，再用柔度法求得能量释放率，最后由能量释放率G求得应力强度因子K。

The stress-strain index under torsion, three-spot bending and compression of the complete fresh tibia was determined with the vertical compression stress 0-1 000 N, torsion angle 0°-3°, and three-spot bending stress

测定完整的新鲜人胫骨在扭转、三点弯曲、压缩等状态下的应力-应变指标，确定垂直压缩应力为0~1 000 N，扭转角度为0°~3°，三点弯曲应力为

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。