扭转

This paper analyzes from the theories and engineering examples to review rationality of the different torsion effect indexes, such as relative torsion effectθr/u, shear force ratioλbetween torsion and translation, eccentric angle of torsion.

本文从理论分析和算例考证两个方面，考查相对扭转效应θr／u、扭转与平动引起的剪力比值λ和楼层偏心扭转角α等不同扭转效应指标的合理性，研究不同指标的影响因素及它们之间的内在联系。

The relationship between inter-story torsion angle and torsion deformation ratio is deduced base on the rule of irregular plan structures in China tall building technical specification. Considering the inter-story ratio limitation of different performance levels under different earthquake hazard levels, a series of torsion angle demand curves are established and a new method named as Torsion Angle Capacity Spectrum is put forward for the PBSD of irregular plan frame structures.

从现行规范对平面不规则结构的限制条件出发，推导出了结构层间扭转角与扭转位移比的关系式，结合框架结构在不同性能水平下的层间侧移角限值，建立了平面不规则框架结构在不同地震作用水平下的扭转角需求曲线，提出了扭转角能力谱法。

The static model of torsion joint is based on that of bending joint. The effects of structure parameters inside air pressure, initial angle, rube average radius, rube shell thickness on the turning angle are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the relationship between the angle of torsion joint and the inside air pressure is basically linear, the angle of torsion joint increases with the initial angle and rube average radius, the angle of torsion joint decreases while the rube shell thickness increases. The kinetic equation is built for torsion joint. Simulating experiment implies that the time of inflating and deflating process is extremely shorter than that of kinetic process. So the pneumatic process can be ignored in actual system design and control. The factors that affect the dynamic features of torsion joint, such as shell thickness of rubber tube, average radius, initial angle, connector's outlet area, moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient, are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the change of rube shell thickness has no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure while greatly affects the turning angle of torsion joint; when the rube shell thickness is small, the torsion joint has a bigger turning angle, no overshoot and long risetime, when the shell thickness is big, the turning angle of torsion joint is small, but has high response speed, overshoot and low shock; when the rube average radius increases, the turning angle of torsion joint increases and the overshoot increases too; when the initial angle of torsion joint is big, the turning joint is big, the overshoot is small and shock is low, but the risetime is big; the connector's outlet area affects the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure greatly, but has no effects on the dynamic process of turning angle; moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient have no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure, but affect the dynamic process of turning angle greatly.

在弯曲关节模型推导的基础上，建立扭转关节的静态模型，并分析了扭转关节内腔压力，初始转角，橡胶管平均半径，橡胶管壁厚等参数对关节转角的影响，得出扭转关节的转动角度与充入FPA内腔的压缩气体压力之间基本呈线性关系，扭转关节的转角随初始角度和橡胶管平均半径的增大而增大，扭转关节的转角随橡胶管壁厚的增大而减小的结论；建立了扭转关节的动力学方程，仿真实验表明FPA的充放气过程与扭转关节的动力学过程相比时间极短，在实际系统设计和控制过程中可以忽略不计；分析讨论橡胶管壁厚，平均半径，初始角度，气体节流口面积，转动惯量，粘性阻尼系数等因素对扭转关节动态特性的影响，得出橡胶管初始壁厚的变化对扭转关节FPA内腔压力的动态响应几乎没有影响而对关节转角的响应曲线影响比较明显，壁厚较小时，关节可以得到较大的转角，并且转角的响应曲线没有超调，但上升时间长，壁厚较大时，关节转角变小，响应加快，但是有超调和轻微振荡现象，橡胶管平均半径越大，得到的关节转角越大，但是转角响应的超调量也随之增大，FPA的初始角度越大，关节的转角越大，并且超调量减小，振荡减弱，但是上升时间增大，管接头出口面积的大小对关节FPA内腔压力的建立过程影响较大，但对关节转角的动态响应几乎没有影响，转动惯量和粘性阻尼系数对FPA内腔压力的动态过程几乎没有影响而对扭转关节转角有较大影响等结论。

The origin、 development and present state of the container ship2. The deformation characters and collapse mode of the container ship3. The basic theory of thin-walled structural mechanics: The bending of the thin-walled beam; The unconstrained torsion of the thin-walled member bar; The constrained torsion of the thin-walled member bar with opening; The constrained of the thin-walled member bar with closed port.4. The calculation of the warp stress in the container ship based on the thin-walled structural mechanics theoryModeling of the hull ladder calculation based on referred mechanics theories of thin-walled member bar, calculation of crankle character of the each section, such as sectional coordinates、 Free twist shear flow、 secondary shear flow、 bend shear flow and so on.

本文主要包括下述六个方面的内容： 1 集装箱船的起源、发展和现状 2 集装箱船变形特征和破坏形式 3 薄壁结构力学的基本理论◇薄壁梁的弯曲；◇薄壁杆件的自由扭转；◇开口薄壁杆件的约束扭转；◇闭口薄壁杆件的约束扭转 4 利用薄壁结构力学理论计算集装箱船的翘曲应力建立船体阶梯计算模型，利用薄壁杆件力学中相关理论，求解各断面单元的弯扭特性，包括：扇性坐标、自由扭转剪流、二次剪流、弯曲剪流等。

Results:compared with the torsion/orchiectomy group,the biochemical parameters and histological grades in the torsion/detorsion group increased in different degrees, and the prognosis status demonstrated by the number of spermatogenic cell associated with the decreased mean diameter of the seminiferous tubule, there are a worse prognoses in the torsion/detorsion group.

与扭转切除组比较，扭转复位组对侧睾丸的mda、il-6值、病理评分等均有不同程度升高，且1周时生精细胞层数结合精细小管直径所示的预后情况亦较差；而各指标在扭转切除组与假手术组的相比中未示明显差异。

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

The transepicondylar axis of different position has no effect on volume rendering technique measuring the humeral head retroversion angle with multi slice spiral CT.The top view at which lateral epicondyle of the humerus showing minitriangulum and the anterior surface of the distal humerus articulation with the forearm being shaded is more simple,faster and precise for the volume rendering technique measuring the humeral head retroversion angle with multi slice spiral CT.

结论］肱骨头扭转角变异较大，肩关节假体扭转角设计应个性化；肱骨远端不同位置内外上髁轴线对多层螺旋CT容积再现测量肱骨头扭转角没有影响；俯视位观察肱骨，当外上髁露出呈小三角形、肱骨远端前关节面被肱骨头遮盖重叠的位置是多层螺旋CT三维重建测量肱骨头扭转角的更简单、更快捷而且准确的测量位置。

The calculations of torsional vibration of crankshaft systems of 12V240ZJ6E diesel engines were carried out with TVCA programme and I deas software to obtain system natural vibration frequencies, vibration amplitudes of various concentric masses at different rotational speeds, and torques and torsional stress es of various crankshaft sections at different rotational speeds.

运用TVCA程序和Ⅰ deas软件对 12V2 4 0ZJ6E型柴油机轴系的扭转振动进行计算，求出系统的自振频率、各集中质量在不同转速下的振幅和各轴段在不同转速下的扭矩、扭转应力值，对自振频率、自由端振幅和扭转应力最大轴段进行了分析，对轴系的扭转振动情况作出总结与评

There was a good correlation between Ptw,AVCtw,MVOtw,PTV,PUV,UntwR and age.2.Assessment of left ventricular twisting and untwisting of DCM patients19 DCM patients(range 18-80 yr,mean age 50.52±17.52 yr,2 females) and 21 age- and sex-matched normal controls(range18-80 yr,mean age 49.05±16.94 yr,5 females) were enrolled into this study.Then DCM patients were divided into two groups:E/A＜2 group and E/A＞2 group.The routine echo showed the left ventricle dilated and EF decreased.The results show that LV rotation degree, rotation velocity at baseline and apex were irregular changeable with the cardiac cycle;the rotation direction was clockwise at the base and counterclockwise at the apex,and are combined to yield a systolic counterclockwise twisting as seen from the apex,but the rotation at the basal and apex were the same direction in some patients.

扩心病患者左室扭转及解旋特征的研究选择扩张型心肌病(Dilated Cardiomyopathy，DCM)组患者19例(男性17例，女性2例，年龄18～82岁，平均50.52±17.52岁)，健康体检者21例(男性16例，女性5例，年龄18～80岁，平均49.05±16.94岁)作为对照组，扩心病患者按照E/A分为E/A＜2、E/A＞2两个亚组，结果显示：常规超声显示DCM组LVDd值增大，EF值减小；DCM患者左室心底部与心尖部心肌旋转角度、旋转速度随心动周期变化曲线明显紊乱；与正常组比较，DCM患者左室整体扭转角度和速度分别为(6.49±1.82)°、(67.84±15.60)°/s，较正常人显著减低P＜0.01左室舒张末及收缩末扭转角度DCM患者较正常人显著减低(P＜0.01，左室舒张末及收缩末时间在DCM-E/A＞2组较正常人及DCM-E/A＜2组显著缩短P＜0.01DCM患者左室解旋速度较正常人亦显著减低(P＜0.01，左室功能轻中度减低(DCM-E/A＜2)患者解旋率[(0.29±0.07)%]较正常人[(0.42±0.11)%]明显减低，但当左室功能重度减低(DCM-E/A＞2)时左室解旋率[(0.63±0.35)%]较正常人反而增加；左室整体扭转角度、舒张末扭转角度、收缩末扭转角度、解旋与左室射血分数未见明显相关性。3。

Objective Analysis the characteristic studying the ovary tumour pedicle reverses acoustic image that the patient examine by the abdomen route. Methods The pedicle of the ovary tumour by operation pathological confirms reverse 46 examples, 10 examples among them are incomplete torsions, 36 examples are to reverse completely, and to carry out by the abdomen route.

目的 分析卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转患者经腹超声检查的声像图特点方法选择经手术病理证实的卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转46例，其中10例不全扭转，36例为完全扭转，并对其经腹超声检查图像进行综合分析。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。