扩张

Firstly, place an expander under the normal skin of the cervical part and effuse. then form skin tube using the expanded flap. thirdly, the skin tube is transposed to the postauricle area.

手术分4期进行：ⅰ期在颈下部正常皮肤处埋置扩张器，注水扩张；ⅱ期取出扩张器，利用扩张皮瓣形成皮管；ⅲ期皮管转移至耳后；ⅳ期以皮管为供皮区，行外耳再造术。

MethodsFour stages are required in the whole process of ear reconstruction. Firstly, place an expander under the normal skin of the cervical part and effuse. Then form skin tube using the expanded flap. Thirdly, the skin tube is transposed to the postauricle area. At last, conduct ear reconstruction utilizing the skin tube.

手术分4期进行：Ⅰ期在颈下部正常皮肤处埋置扩张器，注水扩张；Ⅱ期取出扩张器，利用扩张皮瓣形成皮管；Ⅲ期皮管转移至耳后；Ⅳ期以皮管为供皮区，行外耳再造术。

The effects of half expansion angle , expansion ratio and boundary conditions on performance of 2D micronozzle with half throat heitht 34 were numerically studied.

本文数值模拟喉部半高为34μm的二维微喷管，分别分析了固定进口及固定喉部尺度下扩张角、扩张比以及滑移边界条件对微喷管性能的影响，发现最佳半扩张角在20°-22°之间，而最佳扩张比为7。

Results The average time of expanding to the rating volume of expander was 26 days and 51 days respectively for the new expansion method groupand expasion method group,When total expansion finished before operation the percent age of natural salt injection beyond the rating volume were 92.4%, 27.12%, respectively.

结果 NEM(new expansion method，新型扩张法)和GEM(general expansion method，常规扩张法)扩张至额定容量所需要的平均时间分别为26 d和51 d；全部扩张完成后两种扩张法扩张器的实际注水量超过额定容量的百分比分别为 92.41 ％和27.12 ％。

Vesic's solutions to cavity expansion that include cylindrical cavity expansion and spherical cavity expansion are introduced. Then cylindrical cavity expansion theory is applied to study compaction effect of pile driving in saturated soil. Based on the results of conventional triaxial tests, a trilinear curve model is used to simulate stress-strain curve of strain-softening materials. Meanwhile, trilinear curves are also used to simulate curves of volumetric strain, minor principal strain and major principal strain. By using elasto-plastic theory, analytical solutions to cylindrical cavity expansion in strain-softening soil are presented. According to the mechanism of statically pressed pile driving, compaction effect of pile tip can be viewed as hemispheric cavity expansion. Therefore spherical cavity expansion theory is applied to obtain the solutions to stress, strain, displacement fields and final pressure. Resistance force of pile tip is calculated to estimate static pressure.

介绍了Vesic关于圆孔扩张问题的解答，其中包括柱形孔扩张问题和球形孔扩张问题，并应用柱形孔扩张理论分析了饱和软土中的沉桩挤土效应问题；在常规三轴试验成果的基础上，采用三折线模型模拟具有应变软化性质的岩土材料的应力应变关系曲线，分析了在应变软化土体中沉桩时桩周土的位移场、应力场和应变场的变化，得到了解析解答；分析了静压桩的沉桩机理，并利用球形孔扩张理论，视桩端处的挤土为半个球形孔的扩张，分析了桩端处土的位移场、应力场和应变场的变化，并根据最终扩张压力计算出沉桩时的桩端阻力，可作为压桩力的估算。

In comparison with the control group,the blood flow,survival length and the length to width ratio of the expanded flap in the experimental group increased statistically.The immediate retraction ratio of the flap decreased significantly.The epidermis was thicker while the dermis was not significant different from the control.The panniculus carnosus was significant thinner in the expanded group than the unexpanded group.The deep connective tissue was statistically thinner in the group using the new type expander.

结果 双囊扩张器能有效地将药物导入到扩张囊周围的组织中发挥药理作用，使扩张后的皮瓣血流量较常规扩张组显著提高，成活长度、长宽比例也明显增加，回缩率明显降低，表皮明显增厚，包膜较其他各组明显变薄，真皮在各扩张组和未扩张组相比无明显变化，但肉膜层扩张组较未扩张组明显变薄。

Methods: Immunohistochemistry and image analysis techniques are applied to examine the phosphorylated extracellular signal－regulated kinase in epidermis of non－expanded skin and expanded skin. Results:Phosphorylated ERK expressed in basal cell layer of epiderm including non－expanded skin and expanded skin are expressed. But in expanded skin they are expressed significantly and densely compared to non－expanded skin. There are significant difference in relative to location of expanded skin and regions of expanded skin.

结果： 1扩张皮肤和正常皮肤表皮基底层都有磷酸化ERK 的表达和分布，但扩张皮肤中的磷酸化ERK的分布和表达较明显，染色较深且密，部分阳性细胞呈多层排列，有散在的增殖团区；2扩张皮肤的顶部和侧部差别不十分明显，而侧部和顶部与基底部有一定的差别，基底部染色较深，多为细胞核着色；3 经图像分析不同部位的正常皮肤和扩张皮肤以及扩张皮肤的不同部分的相对灰度值和阳性细胞密度，进一步证实了上述观察结果。

objective:to analyze the difference between mammary duct ectasiaand plasma cell mammitis.methods:the data of 24 cases of mde and 28 cases of pcm,including clinical manifestations,distinguished diagnoses,surgical therapy,pathological results,were analyzed.results:the clinical manifestations of mde are nipple discharge and breast mass,which should be distinguished with breast mass and early stage of breast cancer.the treatment is local resection.major pathological changes are duct ectasia and obvious periductal inflammatory changes.the clinical manifestations of pcm are breast mass and inflammatory changes,which should to be distinguished with advanced breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer.the surgical treatment is extensive resection.the major pathological changes are inflammatory reaction and multiple abscesses in breast tissue.conclusion:mde and pcm are significant different,and they are different progressing stage of disease,thus the two diagnoses are independent.

目的：分析乳腺导管扩张症和浆细胞性乳腺炎临床上的差异。提出各自独立诊断的论据。方法：结合24例乳腺导管扩张症和28例浆细胞性乳腺炎对两病的临床症状、鉴别诊断、手术治疗、病理结果进行比较分析。结果：乳腺导管扩张症临床表现为乳头溢液和乳腺肿物，主要与乳腺肿物和早期乳腺癌鉴别诊断，手术以局部切除多见，病理表现为导管扩张及导管周围明显炎性改变。浆细胞性乳腺炎临床表现为乳腺肿物和炎性改变，主要与晚期乳腺癌和炎性乳腺癌鉴别诊断，手术切除的范围较大，病理变化以乳腺组织的炎性反应和多发性脓肿为主。结论：乳腺导管扩张症和浆细胞性乳腺炎有明显的差异，应作为这两种疾病独立诊断。

Except 58 cases missed and 5 cases induced abortion, we followed up 163 cases(241 kidneys) in different gestational age and postnatal period. Among them, 209 kidneys (86.72%) were discovered pyelectasis between 5mm to l0mm. The pyelectasis of 30 kidneys(12.45%) was between l0mm to l5mm, and that of 2 kidneys(0.83%) was thicker than 15mm. Follow-up result is as follow: 137 cases(214 kidneys) were recovered in normal in fetus period or postnatal 15 months. Their pyelectasis was thinner than 5mm(88.80%). Among them, 16 cases(2l kidneys) were recovered in fetus period(8.71%). 121 cases(193 kidneys) were recovered in postnatal 15 months(80.09%). The rest 20 kidneys' pyelectasis was between 5mm to l0mm(8.30%). 4 kidneys' pyelectatis was between 10mm to l5mm(1.66%), and 3 kidneys' pyelectasis was thicker than l5mm(1.24%).

结果：发现一侧或双侧肾盂扩张≥5mm的胎儿有226例，除58例失访，5例引产外，对163例241只肾脏在不同孕龄及出生后的孩子进行了随访。241只肾脏按肾盂扩张在5~10mm间2的只（占86.72%），在10~15mm间30只（占12.45%），≥15mm者2只（占0.83%）分组观察，随访结局如下：137例214只肾盂在胎儿期或孩子出生后15个月内恢复正常，肾盂扩张＜5mm（占88.80%）：其中16例21只肾盂在胎儿期恢复至5mm以下（占8.71%），121例193只肾盂在孩子出生后15个月内恢复至5mm以下（占80.09）。20只肾盂扩张在5~10mm间（占8.30%）。4只肾盂扩张在10~15mm间（占1.66%）。3只肾盂扩张≥15mm（占1.24%）。

Results: After endoscopy therapy the calibres of the stenotic orifice was dilated from 0.2～0.5cm to 1.0～1.5cm. 51 cases with benign stricture were recovered after dilated with an average of 3.4 times/cases (range 1 to 6). 7 cases with malignant esophageal stricture due to late stage cancer were treated by stent after dilation, all of them recovered take food.

结果：本组扩张前口径0.2～0.5cm，经扩张治疗后口径达1.0～1.5cm.51例食管良性狭窄者，在平均3.4次(扩张次数1～6次)扩张后，食管狭窄完全缓解，另7例晚期食管癌经水囊扩张后放置内支架，所有病人均能恢复正常通道进食。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。