扩大

Now the structure has several fundamental characteristics as follows, the disparity of income within basic stratum appears remarkably widen, not only takes among different trades, but also between leaders and the be-managed; the disparity of income between white-collar and blue-collar tends to reasonable in balance; although the disparity of labors' income in different proprietorship takes on some widening, evidence in the mass is not obvious, except labors' income in collective enterprise is relatively low; owing to "non-position income" of partial labors having an increasing proportional to "position income", the disparity of real income grows more serious; peasants having moved into city locate in the lowest class of urban income structure; polarization between the have and the have-not just comes, and so on.

当前城市居民的收入分配结构体现如下几个基本特点，即计划经济时期的基本社会阶层内部的收入分配差距显著扩大，不仅表现在不同行业之间，而且更表现为管理层与被管理层之间的收入分配差距显著扩大；脑力劳动者与体力劳动者之间的收入分配差距总体上趋向正常、合理；不同所有制职工之间的收入分配差距虽有所扩大，但除集体单位职工收入水平相对较低外，总体意义上并不明显；部分职工"非岗位收入"占"岗位收入"的比重增大，城市居民之间实际的收入分配差距更大；进城农民总体而言在城市居民收入分配结构中处于最低层；整体意义上城市居民的收入差距明显，贫富分化的格局初现。

The study methods: Based on digital printing and offset printing technology principle, the basic parameters having effect on the ink-jet printing output quality were analyzed. And the mathematics models between the ink quantity and the solid density, and the relation between the gamma and printing contrast were established. The relation among the output dot area coverage, the original dot area coverage and the dot-gain percent was analyzed. And the mathematics models of printing characteristics curves and dot-gain curves were established. The factors influencing the dot-gain were analyzed, and then the dot-gain compensation function was acquired. All the models were verified by the method of regression analysis. And the precisions of the models were obtained by the correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients.

研究方法：根据数码印刷以及胶版印刷的工艺原理，分析了影响喷墨印刷输出质量的基本参数，建立墨量与样张实地密度、γ与相对反差的数学模型；分析输出网点面积率、标定网点面积率以及网点扩大率三者之间的关系，建立网点扩大曲线和印刷阶调复制曲线的数学模型，并对网点扩大的影响因素进行了分析，导出了网点扩大补偿函数；运用回归分析方法分析模型，并用相关系数和复相关系数检验回归模型的显著性；使用灰平衡方程，结合回归法得出灰平衡控制曲线。

The gray balance curves were obtained by the gray balance function and regression analysis. The main works: The parameters in the mathematic models were ascertained, as well as all the regression functions. The models included the relation between the ink quantity and the solid density, the relation between the gamma and printing contrast, the printing reproduction curves, the dot-gain curves and the dot-gain compensation curves. The fitting accuracies of the regression models were checked out by the correlation coefficient or multiple correlation coefficients. The effect that the ink had on the solid density and the gamma on the printing contrast were analyzed. And the methods of choosing the ink and gamma were gained.

主要工作：确定了墨量与样张实地密度、γ与相对反差、阶调复制曲线、网点扩大曲线以及网点扩大补偿曲线各自数学模型中的参数，得到了回归表达式；得到了各个回归表达式的相关系数或复相关系数，检验了回归模型的拟合程度；分析了墨量对实地密度的影响以及γ对相对反差的影响，并提出了墨量和γ的选取方法；得到了喷墨印刷质量控制的灰平衡控制、网点扩大以及扩大补偿规律。

Title :The Stylized Facts and Preliminary Tests on the Regional Income Disparityin China,1952-2002Abstract:Based on two recent sets of data on economic development in the Chineseprovinces over the 1952-2002period ,the paper generalizes several stylized factsand investigates the impact of structural change on the dynamics of regional disparitiesin China.We analyze the industry structure and property right structure in thelight of an econometric analysis of unconditional and conditional β-convergence.

此文运用1952－2002年省级经济体数据归纳出基本事实：1952-78年地区差距扩大趋势由直辖市、工业重镇与其他地区的收入差距扩大造成；1978-84年农业改革导致显著的绝对收敛；1985-89年收入差距缩小由直辖市与其他地区的差距缩小驱动；1990年至今收入差距扩大；大跃进、三线建设与邓南巡等政策冲击产生强烈扰动；整个时期只有中部内部收入差距持续缩小；1974年以后发生"收敛俱乐部"现象。

Taking economic growth, agriculture development and foreign trade enlargement as velocity factors, taking agriculture structure's change, non-agriculture employment development, the rate of urban and rural residents' alteration and ownership pattern vicissitude as structure factors, and taking the widening income gap and inflation as quality factors, leaving the whirligig of concept and system aside, wielding SURE and SYSTEM GMM, factor analysis of Chinese economic development's influence over its rural poverty indicates that rapid economic growth is the primary impetus reducing rural poverty, but the expanding income gap has weakened the poverty-reduction effect of economic growth, and the development of agriculture, non-agriculture employment and non-governmental ownership enterprises have played roles in reducing rural poverty.

以经济增长、农业发展和外贸扩大作为速度因素，以农业结构变化、非农就业发展、城乡居民比例变动和所有制结构变迁作为结构因素，以收入差距扩大和通货膨胀作为质量因素，撇开观念和制度变迁，运用SURE和SYSTEM GMM法，对中国经济发展影响农村贫困的因素分析表明，经济快速增长是推动农村贫困减少的主要动力，收入差距扩大则弱化了经济增长的减贫效应，同时农业、非农就业以及非国有企业的发展也对农村贫困减少起着明显的促进作用。

Taking economic growth, agriculture development and foreign trade enlargement as velocity factors, taking agriculture structure"s change, non-agriculture employment development, the rate of urban and rural residents" alteration and ownership pattern vicissitude as structure factors, and taking the widening income gap and inflation as quality factors, leaving the whirligig of concept and system aside, wielding SURE and SYSTEM GMM, factor analysis of Chinese economic developments influence over its rural poverty indicates that rapid economic growth is the primary impetus reducing rural poverty, but the expanding income gap has weakened the poverty-reduction effect of economic growth, and the development of agriculture, non-agriculture employment and non-governmental ownership enterprises have played roles in reducing rural poverty.

以经济增长、农业发展和外贸扩大作为速度因素，以农业结构变化、非农就业发展、城乡居民比例变动和所有制结构变迁作为结构因素，以收入差距扩大和通货膨胀作为质量因素，撇开观念和制度变迁，运用SURE和SYSTEM GMM法，对中国经济发展影响农村贫困的因素分析表明，经济快速增长是推动农村贫困减少的主要动力，收入差距扩大则弱化了经济增长的减贫效应，同时农业、非农就业以及非国有企业的发展也对农村贫困减少起着明显的促进作用。

It is the kern and requirement to increase chances for the citizens to participate in politics in perfecting the socialistic democracy system construction is the basis of the increase in citizens ' participation in politics the major premise is to increase citizens ' awareness of participating the citizenly society is the carrier and stage of the participation .

扩大公民的政治参与是坚持和完善社会主义民主制度的核心内容和必然要求，制度建设是扩大公民政治参与的根本保证；公民意识的提高是扩大公民政治参与的前提；公民社会是扩大公民政治参与的载体和舞台。

Results Among 73 patients with HHD, there were 82.7% with cardiac enlargement, but the majority of their left ventricular systolic func...

HHD可引起不同房室腔扩大，左房扩大最常见，右室扩大多于左室扩大；HHD常合并瓣膜反流，部分患者瓣膜增厚；肺动脉增宽和肺动脉高压是HHD的普遍现象。

Results: With the normal control group contrast, the HHD group has the varying degree cavity room to expand, with heart and soul expands 20 examples, the atrium sinistrum expands 49 examples, the left room expands 39 examples, the atrium dextrum expands 33 examples, the right room expands 24 examples, the pure atrium sinistrum expansion example number are most, reaches 11 examples, the room gap accumulation 24 examples, the left room behind accumulation 20 examples, the pulmonary artery inside diameter broadens 16 examples.

结果：与正常对照组对比，HHD组均有不同程度的腔室扩大，其中全心扩大20例，左房扩大49例，左室扩大39例，右房扩大33例，右室扩大24例，单纯左房扩大例数最多，达11例，室间隔增厚24例，左室后壁增厚20例，肺动脉内径增宽16例。

Expanded metal mesh can be made from a wide range of materials, chiefly expanded steel mesh, aluminum expanded metal mesh, expanded stainless steel, expanded nickel and other metal , as steel reinforcement materials in petroleum, chemical industry and building decorations.

扩大金属网，可制成各种材料，主要是扩大了钢丝网，扩大铝金属丝网，扩大不锈钢，扩大镍和其他金属，作为钢筋材料在石油，化工和建筑装饰。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。