托叶

Stipule inside the petiole, often two synthetic sheath membranaceous tube-like, surrounded by sprig.

托叶在叶柄内侧，常2处膜质合成鞘筒状，包围小枝。

Leaves are simple, without stipule, usually spirally arranged, the venation parallel.

单叶，通常螺旋状排列，叶脉平行，无托叶；花序顶生，头状或穗状；花通常小型，两性，规则。

Leaf base health, narrow lanceolate or lanceolate Egg-shaped, the edge of a round teeth, a narrow and winged petiole, stipule drill-like triangle, with eyelashes.

叶基生，狭披针形或卵状披针形，边缘具圆齿，叶柄具狭翅，托叶钻状三角形，有睫毛。

The results above showed:(1) The cultivars of large-flowered chrysanthemum are widely distributed in Beijing area with plentiful floral types and floral colors;(2) The cultivars with the rare types and colors are urgent for protection;(3) Most of the quantitative characters obeys to the normal distribution,some important traits agreed with skewed distribution.The probability grading can assist quantitative character in establishing new grading standards;(4) Most of qualitative characters is asymmetrical in cultivars,which might be caused by unbalanced differentiation of characters or linkages coming from emphasis characters selection;(5) The floral characters are relatively stable and have comparably large influence on classification,the characters of stipule also have a certain degree of stability and can act as an reasonable supplement for cultivars classification,but the foliar characters have worse stability and can only be recognized as lower level criterion.(6) The genetic relationship among the Flat-petaled group,the Quilled-petal group and the Spoon-petaled group are closest,which followed by the Filiform-petal group because of long-term selection pressure for the specialization of the petal tip loved by most people.The Anemone-petal group has further genetic relationship with these four groups.(7) ISSR molecular marker detection indicates that the proportion of polymorphic loci of lardge-flowered chrysanthemum is higher,in which the Flat-petaled group has the highest genetic diversity level.

综合以上的研究结果表明：(1)北京地区现有大量大菊品种，且花型与花色较为丰富；(2)珍稀花型、花色品种亟需保护；(3)大部分数量性状是符合正态分布的，少数重点观赏性状迫于选择压力呈现偏态分布，概率分级法能够辅助大菊的数量性状建立新的分级标准；(4)大部分质量性状在品种群内的分布是不均匀的，可能是由菊花性状遗传分化的不均衡性或受到选育重点性状的连锁作用而造成的；(5)大菊花部性状相对稳定，对品种分类影响较大，其托叶部分也具有一定程度的稳定性，可以作为品种分类的合理补充，而叶部性状稳定性较差，在品种分类中应作为更次一级的分类依据；(6)平瓣类、管瓣类和匙瓣类的亲缘关系最近，畸瓣类品种花瓣先端特化受到人们的喜爱，长期的选择压力使其区别于3种基本瓣型，而这四种瓣型与桂瓣类在亲缘关系上较远；(7)ISSR分子标记检测表明：大菊品种多态性位点百分率较高，平瓣类品种的遗传分化最为丰富。

Leaves circinately 2-folded toward stipule when young, leaf blade orbicular to oblanceolate, elliptic, or linear, 1.5-4.6 cm; peduncle and sepals glabrous; styles subequaling ovary

幼时的对于托叶2 折叠的叶环状，叶片圆形到倒披针形，椭圆形，或线形，1.5-4.6厘米；花序梗和萼片无毛；花柱近相等子房 4 D。 oblanceolata 长柱茅膏菜

Stem erect or procumbent, Leaves alternate, linear, 2-12 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, covered with white or red long glandular hairs; stipule absent; petiole short glandular-hairy or glabrous.

叶互生，线形，长2-12厘米，宽1-3毫米，被白色或红色长腺毛；托叶通常不存在；叶柄被短腺毛或无毛。

Leaves rosette, orbicular to oblanceolate or linear, 0.5-1.2 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, with glandular hairs; stipule membranous, light red, 5 mm, deeply 3-parted, middle lobe larger, 2- or 3-lobed at apex; petiole flattened, 1-3.2 cm long, glandular or glabrous.

叶莲座状排列，圆形，倒被针形至线形，长0.5-1.2厘米，宽0.2-0.4厘米，被柔毛状腺毛；托叶膜质，淡红色，长约5毫米，3深裂至基部，居中一裂片特大，顶部2-3裂；叶柄扁平，长l-3.2厘米，被腺毛或无毛。

Leaves circinately 1-folded toward stipule when young, leaf blade spatulate, obovate, or cuneate, 0.9-2.8 cm; peduncle and sepals abaxially densely glandular hairy; styles shorter than ovary

向托叶幼时1 折叠的叶环状，匙形，倒卵形的叶片，或楔形，0.9-2.8厘米；背面的花序梗和萼片浓密腺毛；花柱短于子房 3 D。 spathulata 匙叶茅膏菜

Leaves in opposite pairs, thin coriaceous, oblong, or phi needle-shaped, long 6-14 cm, the top length gradually sharp, pointed or slightly blunt wedge base, edges wavy or light wavy; petiole length 8-15 mm; stipule wide and triangular, was born in the Ministry of young vine at the top of drill-like long-tip , was born in the old vine, 3-6 mm long, the top regular convex tip.

叶对生，薄革质，矩圆形或披针形，长6—14厘米，顶端长渐尖，基部楔尖或略钝，边缘波状或浅波状；叶柄长8—15毫米；托叶宽三角形，生于幼枝上部的顶端钻状长尖，生于老枝上的长3—6毫米，顶端常凸尖。

Stipule adnate to petiole.

托叶贴生到叶柄。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。