托叶

Leaves opposite , very rarely stipulate, petiolate, entire, leathery to papery, usually glabrous; secondary veins usually prominent, numerous to few, oblique to perpendicular to midvein; tertiary veins reticulate, with adaxial brownish transvenous resin canals and abaxial linear or intervenous translucent glands; petiole often with basal liguliform appendage.

叶对生 ，极少具托叶，具叶柄，全缘，革质到纸质，通常无毛；次脉通常突出，许多对很少，偏斜到与中脉垂直；第三脉网状，具正面带褐色的transvenous树脂道并且背面线形或脉间的半透明的腺体；叶柄通常具基生舌状的附属物。

Leaves palmately lobed to or mostly below middle, but not to base; pseudo-stipules absent.

多数的对或浅裂的叶掌状中间以下，但不是至基部；假的无托叶。

The 28 species of Cycas debaoensis, Stangeria eriopus and Macrozamia moorei etc.in 3 families of Cycadopsida were carried out anatomical studies on vascular tissue, the roots ,stems and leaves of these materials were made histological section by paraffin method and freeze method ,light microscopy observation and the dissociated materials of every organ for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observation research.

本探究对苏铁纲3个科的德保苏铁、托叶铁、摩瑞大泽米等28个苏铁种类进行了维管组织的解剖学研究，其中对其根、茎、叶进行石蜡切片和冰冻切片观察研究；对各器官材料进行组织离析，光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察研究。

Basal leaves 2-6, long petiolate; stipules over 1/2 adnate to petioles, broadly lanceolate, membranous, margin sparsely denticulate and ciliate or entire, apex acuminate; petioles 3-9 cm at anthesis, usually green, sometimes purplish, glabrous, nitid, elongated at fruiting to more than 20 cm; leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent along veins, 3-sect, segments shortly stipitate, lateral segments deeply 2-fid, central segment deeply 2- or 3-fid, terminal lobes highly variable in shape and size, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, margin irregularly dentate or shallowly divided, sometimes triparted to pinnatiparted or 3-lobed, apex obtuse or acute.

基生叶2-6，具长叶柄；托叶超过1/2的贴生至叶柄，宽披针形，膜，边缘疏生细齿和具缘毛或全缘，先端渐尖；叶柄3-9厘米在花期，通常绿色，有时略带紫色，无毛，有光泽的，在果期拉长到超过20厘米；叶片两面无毛沿脉具短柔毛，3全裂，裂片具短柄，侧裂片2深裂，中裂片2或3深裂，顶裂片形状和大小极易变，卵状披针形，披针形，长圆形，或线状披针形，边缘不规则牙齿或浅裂，有时3深裂到羽状深裂或3浅裂，先端钝或锐尖。

Rhizome erect, yellow-brown, very long, to 12 cm, stout, 4-7 mm in diam., densely noded, with dense brown remains of stipules, often branched at apex, with numerous long, slender fibrous roots.

根状茎直立，黄棕色，长，达12厘米，坚固，直径4-7毫米，密生节，具紧密的棕色托叶残留，通常分枝在先端，具多数长，纤细的须根。

After the selection from one to three generations, several mutants were obtained. The major mutants included non-nodule mutants (18 lines) which failed to nodulate after inoculated with rhizobia for two weeks, ineffective nodulation mutants (9 lines) which had less uneven and white or transparent nodules, an abnormal leaf and flower mutant which was dwarf without stipules, abnormal flowers and less nodules, and a slender mutant with a thin stem and smaller leaves.

从种植的三代植株中，筛选到多种共生固氮根瘤的突变体，其中不结根瘤突变体18个株系，表现为接种根瘤菌两周后无根瘤形成；结无效根瘤突变体9个株系，表现为根瘤数目少且分布不均匀，根瘤呈白色，有些为半透明；花叶形态异常突变体1个株系，表现为除根瘤数目少外，植株矮小、托叶消失、花形态异常；纤细突变体1个株系，表现为除根瘤数目少外，植株变小、茎细叶小。

Leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate; leaf blade usually palmately veined, entire or various lobed.

叶互生，具托叶，具叶柄；叶通常为掌状脉，全缘或者各种各样的裂。

Leaves paripinnate, alternate, sessile; leaflets usually in many pairs, first pair small, like stipules, others evidently larger, usually serrate; lateral veins often many, extending to tips of dentate margins, parallel.

偶数羽状复叶，互生，无梗；小叶通常很多对，第一对小的，象托叶，其它的明显大，通常有锯齿的；通常的侧脉很多，延伸至具齿边缘顶部，平行。

Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, simple, penninerved.

托叶小。叶互生，短，具叶柄，单叶，羽状脉。

Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple or variously compound, palmately nerved, rarely penninerved, with or without stipules.

叶基生和茎生，互生，很少对生或者轮生，单叶或者复叶，掌状叶脉，很少羽状脉，有或无托叶。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。