手段

The classics of exact measure; that conclusion cystoscope examination is diagnostic ureter cyst is urethral the remedial method that resection of part of ureter cyst wall is a kind of handy, safety and effective.

结论膀胱镜检查是诊断输尿管囊肿的确切手段；经尿道输尿管囊肿壁部分切除术是一种简便、平安和行之有效的治疗手段。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

Radioactive decay studies have found a kinds of elements can be α or β decay and the decay into another element, while the α-decay product of -α-rays became one of the deep structure of the material means of .1911, the Rutherford and others bombarded atoms with α-rays observed wide-angle deflection to determine the nuclear structure of atoms and nuclei was first proposed the term .1919 year, Rutherford and others have also found that with α-ray bombardment of nitrogen will release the nuclear protons, this is the first time Artificial realization of a nuclear reaction, after the bombardment of nuclei with the radiation caused by nuclear reaction method to become the primary means of research in nuclear.

放射性衰变研究发现了一种元素可以通过α衰变或β衰变而变成另外一种元素，而α衰变的产物——α射线又成了人们探讨物质深层结构的手段。1911年，卢瑟福等人用α射线轰击原子、观察到大角度偏折，从而确定了原子的有核结构，并首次提出原子核这一名词。1919年，卢瑟福等人又发现用α射线轰击氮核会放出质子，这是首次用人工实现的核反应，以后用射线轰击原子核来引起核反应的方法逐渐成为研究原子核的主要手段。

The main purpose of this diesis is as to observe the historical evolving process of social control in ancient Chinese society from the angle of legal sociology as, based on it, to reveal the various social control ways in ancient china, especially the function and relationship among three mam means-law, morality and religion It also provides some basic clues for people to understand and observe social control condition in ancient China bv the induction of the historical facts and the description of the fundamental situation of social control system, as well as by the summery and conclusion of the features, essence and developing regularity of social control in ancient China.

本文的主旨就在于从法社会学的角度，对中国古代社会控制的历史演进过程进行考察，在此基础上，揭示中国古代社会各种社会控制手段，尤其是法律、道德、宗教三种主要手段的功能和作用及其相互之间的关系，通过对历史事实进行归纳和综合，描绘中国古代社会控制体系的基本状况，总结和概括中国古代社会控制的特点、本质和发展规律，为人们了解和观察中国古代社会控制状况提供一些基本的线索。

During his serving time,he tried his best to protect the rights and benefits of the Chinese in America and to stand upon china's dignity by negotiating with the American government、seeking the support of public opinion in American society、advising the Qing Dynasty to establish more consuls、revenging the United States by boycott . He showed the manners that a famous diplomatist should have.

在担任驻美公使期间，他通过运用外交手段同美国政府进行交涉、寻求美国社会舆论的支持、上书清政府建议增设领事、建议以抵制为手段对美国进行报复等方式全力维护旅美华人的合法权益和祖国的尊严，充分展现了一位著名外交家的风范！

Based on the summary of actually evidential studies on the pollutant discharger behavior in several developed and developing countries, it is discussed in the paper that information can provide independent incentive to above mentioned behavior through market and community and preliminary probe has been made to apply the information approach to control pollution in china, after introduction of the studies and examples for the information approach.

王华在总结对若干发达国家和发展中国家排污者行为所作的实证研究的基础上，论述了信息可以通过市场和社区对排污者行为起到独立的刺激作用并在介绍对信息手段所做的研究和案例后，对该手段在中国污染控制中的应用进行了初步探讨。

Trying to solve the problem of 'difficult to see a doctor and expensive to see a doctor' as a matter of fact is to treat means as the goal, which disproportionally uses tax payer's money to protect the interest of a smaller group of population, scarifying a larger group of population (relatively disease-free group).

解决群众反映较多的"看病难、看病贵"问题的做法实际上是把手段之一当成目的了。把手段之一当成目的的结果是不成比例地强调了一部分人的利益，侵害或牺牲了大部分人的利益。

Article 27. If there is a dispute over a registered trademark, the disputant may apply to the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board for a ruling within one year from the day the trademark registration was approved.

第二十七条已经注册的商标，违反本法第八条规定的，或者是以欺骗手段或者其他不正当手段取得注册的，由商标局撤销该注册商标；其他单位或者个人可以请求商标评审委员会裁定撤销该注册商标。

Like principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government; and if comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer suggestions which will practicably combine openness and vigor in the administration of such governments with ready docility to all serious, well-sustained public criticism, they will have approved themselves worthy to be ranked among the highest and most fruitful of the great departments of political study.

到处都有类似的公民自由的原则在促进类似的政府手段的发展。如果对政府管理方式和手段的比较研究将会使我们提出一些建议，使得上述各种政府在行政管理方面实际上把公开性和活力结合在一起，并且准备接受一切严肃的得到广泛支持的公众批评，那么这种比较研究就将使自已有资格进入政治研究的最高级和最有成果的重大分支学科的行列之中。

In view of property rights, mapping, capacity management, the close nature of membership, with the help of new information such as computer network-based means to achieve an effective convergence of all three work, become the necessary means to real estate management.

鉴于产权、测绘、产籍管理的密切性，借助计算机网路等新的信息化手段实现三者工作的有效衔接，成为目前房地产管理的必要手段。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐