手工业者

An examination is made of growth and development of the merchants and craftsmen in London.

考察了伦敦商人和手工业者阶层的形成和发展过程。

It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared--the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools.

正是在城市中首先出现了能够与现代资本主义相关联的因素—货币和商业票据的使用代替了实物交易；开放的竞争代替了社会顺从和等级制度，而随之而来的是社会秩序的紊乱；出现了以煤和水为动力的工厂，取代了利用手工工具的独立手工业者。

They were against feudatory, calling for the innovation in social economical system.

所谓"市民"，欧洲中世纪指城市居民，因商品交换的迅速发展和城市的出现而形成，包括手工业者和商人等，他们反对封建领主而要求改革社会经济制度。

No matter being scholar, is still peasant and handicraftsman, they flow to everywhere, seek for better development.

不管是士、还是农民、手工业者，他们到处流动，寻找着更好的发展。

The powers of son also in now encounter to weaken, have arisen scholar, peasant and handicraftsman flow.

宗子的权力也遭到削弱，出现了士、农民、手工业者的流动。

This text was described from several following respects:First of all, I make introduction of Shanxi Yihetuan Movement, analyze through a large number of historical data to participant, main content, range, intensity, and think the movement rely mainly on peasants and handicraftsman to violence struggle against foreign church, and happens widely and destroying the intensity largely.

本文是从以下几个方面进行论述的：首先，笔者通过大量的史料对山西义和团运动的参与者、主要内容、范围、强度做了大致的介绍与分析，认为这是一场以广大农民与手工业者为主体的民间反洋教暴力斗争，并且发生范围广、破坏强度大。

The village handicraftsman lost their previous independenceof the form of operation,they attached to the buyer-updirectly or indirectly in many ways,such as capitals,materials and market.

乡村手工业者丧失了先前的经营独立性，他们或直接、或间接，自觉与不自觉地在资本、原料、原料供应与产品销售等多方面陷于对包买主的依附之中。

Individual handicraftsman had power of management freely in the warring States Period, the range that manages the products was some daily usage mainly, and they exchanged for the agricultural product with the industrial products so that they could keep their livelihood, though their social status was not high.

论文关键词战国/家族/平民手工业者 the Warring States Period/family/individual handicraftsman，论文来源求是学刊，论文单位哈尔滨，点击次数 20，论文页数 115～120页2003年2003月论文网 http：//www.lw23.com/paper_41064181/战国时期平民手工业者的社会地位不高，有一定自主经营权，经营产品的范围主要是一些日常生活用品，他们以手工业产品换取农产品来维持生计。

The Brahmin caste was to be the priests and teachers; the Rajanya represents the king, head of the warrior or Kshatriya caste; Vaishyas are the merchants, craftsmen, and farmers; and the Sudras are the workers.

种姓的婆罗门将是牧师和教师；的Rajanya代表国王，团长战士或Kshatriya种姓；吠舍是商人，手工业者，农民和首陀罗是工人。

Before the crisis, expressing such scepticism towards modern finance sounded Luddite and anti-capitalist.

金融危机前，对现代金融表达这种怀疑观点听上去就像手工业者和反资本主义分子。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。