战后的

After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry (narrow-mindedness, local, provincial), and "Puritanical" gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center (where living was still cheap in 1919) to pour out their new-found creative strength, to tear down the old world, to flout the morality of their grandfathers, and to give all to art, love, and sensation.

战后，那些脑子里和笔杆子里都充满着对战争、市侩气和"清教徒式的"道德修养的仇恨的怒火的年轻有为的作家们便自然而然地云集到这个传统的艺术中心(那儿的生活消费在1919年仍很低廉)，去倾泻他们那新近获得的创造力，去摧毁旧世界，嘲弄前辈们所信守的道德规范，把自己的一切献给艺术、爱情和感官享受。

Left-wing literati who dominated Hong Kong literary circle launched different animadverts including attacking Xu Zhong-nian\'s materialistic view of literature, Gu Yi-qiao\'s renaissance and Qian Zhong-shu\'s Fortress Besieged. The phrases and tactics they used settled the basic form of criticism in New China.The First Congress of Literary and Art Workers was convened in Beijing in July 1949. Its reconstruction of literatus under the delegation system, its dense political and martial atmosphere, and its rewriting of May Forth literature, all symbolized the establishment of new literary pattern and the commencement of "contemporary Chinese literature".

首先，考察战后香港文学环境的大体状貌及左翼文化活动的主要内容；然后，逐一梳理左翼主流派发动的各类批判，着重分析对徐仲年"唯生主义文艺观"、顾一樵"文艺复兴论"和钱钟书《围城》的批判；最后，概括左翼文艺批判的基本范式。1949年7月，第一次文代会在北京召开，其代表制对作家队伍的重构、政治领导文艺的氛围、对"五四"新文学的重新叙述，都表明新的文学格局已经形成，"当代文学"的进程已经开始。

The total war regime was built to mobalize political, economic, and thought forces to conduct expansive warfares in East Asia in order to change existent regional order that was dominated by West imperial states. Subsequently the statism turned into ultranationalism that ambitiously created Great East Asia Co-prosperity Circle and a new metropolitan Japan-colony-new occupied territory order to solve Japan's dilemma of modernization. The state highly penetrated society during this period. Nevertheless, the defeat of the Pacific War set the demise of ultranationalism and terminated the Japan-center regional order; thirdly, democratization and non-militarization after WWII made Japan a U.S. ally in the west Pacific. Incrementally the revitalization of Keiretsu and civil society shrank the clout of the state to shape national identity. The rise of civic-nationalism became the focal point to understand post-war nationalistic movements.

这种国家主义的统合方式扩大了国家机关对於社会的渗入，也强化了「帝国臣民」的实质意义，然而，随著太平洋战争的毁灭性战败，终止了国家主义扩张的限度；第三，第二次世界大战以后，军事上日本在美国占领下纳入西太平洋安全体系，经济上日本企业走向国际化，使得国家对於国民认同的影响松动，以国民为主体的认同形成成为理解日本战后国民认同的主要途径，由冷战结构下，非官方、建构性、民主的「国民主义」到一九八○年代以后的新国家主义，展现了历史结构下进步与保守两种国民认同的辩证。

What those works deal with is all major issue modern American pay great attention to. His study of American diplomatic history responded to the rise of international standing of US after World War II. The Imperial President responded to the dispute of presidency after Watergate. The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society made known Schlesingers position in the dispute of Multiculturalism, which became increasingly intense in 1990s.

本文认为，小施莱辛格学术生涯后期的主要学术成果均同当代美国社会所关注的重大问题密切相关，如他自60年代开始对美国外交史中的相关问题进行的研究是对美国战后国际地位上升的回应，《帝王般的总统》是应&水门事件&在美国社会引发的关于总统职权的争议而写，而《美国的分裂：对多元文化社会的思考》则是在90年代愈演愈烈的关于&多元文化主义&争论中表明自己的立场。

This dissertation focuses on the form, role, behavior and effect of the government of Asia, chooses this five country:Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, India and Philippines as researching objection, treat their political representation from after The World War II to 1980s as norm, disparts them as two parts:classical authoritarian and classical Asian "democratic countries", combining with the national, social and economical characteristics of Asian countries, gives the Asian authoritarianism an comprehensive and deep analysis, looking forward to giving some useful reference to the ongoing democratisation.

本文聚焦于政府形式、角色、行为和作用。采用实证与理论相结合的比较政治学的研究方法，选择了亚洲的韩国、印度尼西亚、泰国、印度和菲律宾这五个国家，以他们自战后一直到八十年代的政治表现为标准，将他们分为两组：典型的威权政体(韩国、印度尼西亚、泰国)和两个典型的亚洲&民主国家&，结合亚洲国家的民族、社会、经济特性等，对亚洲的威权主义有一个全面深入的分析，以期望给予目前正进行的民主化以些许的借鉴。

The P-38 is a fairly rare warbird type, but this year's show had both 23 Skidoo and this beautiful 1944 P-38L, which originally operated as a photo reconnaisance aircraft. This configuration possibly saved it from being scrapped, because after the war it was bought and operated by a string of civilian aerial photography companies, before being passed down a long line from one owner to another, finally ending with Vintage Fighters LLC based in California.

这架P-38是罕见的warbird型号，但是2008年的表演不但有&23 Skidoo&，还有这架美丽的银色1944 P-38L，最初是作为侦查照相型飞机来发展，而这也可能是它被保存下来的原因，在战后它被一连串的民间公司买下用于航空摄影，经过从一长串的所有者手中倒来倒去，最后它被位于加利福尼亚的老式战斗机公司收购。

First, it raises the prospect that the immemorial split on nuclear weapons between the old Labour right—embodied by Ernest Bevin, the post-war foreign secretary who was so keen to get a bomb "with the bloody Union Jack on top of it"—and the party's peaceniks, whose policy of unilateral disarmament contributed to Labour's unpopularity in the 1980s, may be revived in opposition.

第一个，它可能会带来工党内部对于核武器问题的分歧，以前工党曾经由战后外交大臣Ernest Bevin正面提出倾向于获得&让该死的英国国旗覆盖着&的原子弹，而他们的单边裁军政策导致了工党在80年代的失去执政的党内的反战分子们可能会反对Ernest Bevin所提出的关于获得原子弹的论调。

Virtually destroyed at the Battle of Stalingrad late in 1942, the 1st Armoured Division was re-formed during 1943 and returned to the field early in 1944, only to be eventually destroyed once more, this time while serving on the side of the Allies in Eastern and Central Europe at the end of the war (a 2nd Armoured Division, scheduled to be created from the elements of the 8th Cavalry Division in the summer of 1944 was never formed, while two divisions raised by the Soviets from re-educated Romanian prisoners of war were also rebuilt into armoured and motorised formations after the war but as such fall outside the scope of this report).

在1942年后期在斯大林格勒战役中被摧毁的第一装甲师于1943年重新组建，并于羿年重返战场，不过这次仍未能免除被消灭的命运，所不同的是这次是在苏联人的领导下（于1944年夏天以第八骑兵师的班底组建的第二装甲师的计划泡汤了，但苏联人在战后却建立了2个由受过&再教育&的罗马尼亚战俘组成的师，并将他们改编为装甲和摩托化单位）。

There are other examples (i.e. jeeps used for off-road touring) but the common thread between these new forms of recreation was an excess supply of new technology and equipmentleft over from the war and an increasingly wealthy population that turned its attention to travelling and enjoying the great outdoors.

虽然存在其他的例外（如用吉普车进行越野旅行），但是在这些新型的娱乐活动之间，共存着这样一条线索：战后遗留的的新技术和设备的过度运用，以及成长中新贵人群对于旅行和户外活动的兴趣的增长。

Other bad days for Czechs include November 8th, when Bohemian nobility and Protestantism were defeated at the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620; and February 25th, when a communist putsch in 1948 extinguished a brief period of post-war freedom. Be particularly nice to any Czech foreign ministers you meet on March 10th. In 1948 the most famous of them, the much-loved Jan Masaryk, died in a mysterious suicide.

让捷克人民记住的日子还有：11月8号，1620年的这一天，波西米亚贵族和新教教徒在白山战役中溃败；2月25号，1948年的这一天，一场共产主义政变为战后短暂的自由时期划上了句号；3月10号，这一天你需要对你遇到的任何一位捷克外交部长分外友好：他们最著名的前任、广受爱戴的扬·马萨里克，在1948年的这天死于原因不明的自杀。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。